Name: antibody heavy and light chains
Uploaded: 2020-11-23T11:47:34.000Z
Duration: 1 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Tennessee Academic Standards

High School

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.3

Antibody Structure

- [강사] 면역 글로불린이기도 한 항체는체액성 면역 반응의 핵심 요소로서외래 항원에 대항합니다4 개의 폴리펩타이드로 구성된 단백질로서Y 자형 구조이며 동일한 두 개의 중연쇄와두 개의 동일한 경쇄가비공유 결합의 조합 및공유 이황화결합을 통해 연결되었습니다각 폴리펩티드 사슬의 바로 끝에선택적으로 항원에 결합하는 독특한 가변 도메인이 있습니다이 영역의 일부에서 직접적 상호 작용이 일어나는 동안다른 부분에선 구조적 지원이이러한 결합 부위에 제공됩니다대조적으로, 항체의 줄기 영역은불변부로 알려졌으며행동의 특정한 면역학적 메카니즘이계층에 따라 결정됩니다예를 들어, 면역 글로불린 E 유형은알레르기 항원에 반응하여 체내에서 분비되는데고양이 비듬이 예가 되며, 알레르기 반응을 중재합니다

실버턴, E. W., M. A. 나비아, D. R. 데이비스. "온전한 인간 면역글로불린의 3차원 구조." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 74, no. 11 (November 1, 1977): 5140–44. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.74.11.5140" target="__blank">소스</a>]

항체 구조

<h4>개요</h4>
 
 면역글로불린(immunoglobulin, 줄여서 Ig)으로도 알려진 항체(antibody)는 적응면역(adaptive immunity; 후천면역) 체계의 필수 요소입니다. 이 항원 결합 단백질은 B 세포(B cell)에 의해 생성되고 무게로 따지면 전체 혈장(blood plasma) 중 20%를 차지합니다. 포유류의 항체는 다섯 가지 종류가 있는데, 각각 항원(antigen) 결합에 따라 다른 생물학적 반응을 유도합니다.
 
 <h4>항체의 Y자형 구조는 4개의 폴리펩타이드 사슬로 이루어져 있습니다</h4>
 
 항체는 4개의 폴리펩타이드(polypeptide) 사슬로 구성되어 있습니다. 이 사슬은 약 440개의 아미노산으로 이루어진 2개의 동일한 중사슬(heavy chain)과 약 220개의 아미노산으로 구성된 2개의 동일한 경사슬(light chain)로 구성되어 있습니다. 이러한 체인은 공유 이황화 결합(covalent disulfide bond)과 비공유결합(non-covalent bond)의 조합으로 함께 고정되는 Y자 구조로 배열됩니다. 대부분의 항체는 당 잔기(residue)를 가지고 있습니다. 단백질에 당 측쇄(side chain)를 추가하는 과정은 당화(glycosylation; 글리코실화; 당쇄화)라고 불립니다.
 
 <h4>항체의 단위체는 서로 다른 기능을 합니다</h4>
 
 경사슬과 중사슬은 Y 구조의 각 끝단에 있는 항원결합부위(antigen binding site)에 기여합니다. 이 110개에서 130개의 아미노산은 매우 가변적이라 거의 무제한의 항원을 인식할 수 있습니다. 이 영역은 변이부위(variable region)라고도 하며 항원 결합 부분의 일부입니다.
 
 Y자형 구조의 각 팔에는 동일한 항원결합부위가 있습니다. 항체는 하나의 팔이 하나의 항원에 결합하고 다른 팔이 구조적으로 또 다른 구조적으로 동일한 항원에 결합할 때 항원을 교차결합(crosslink)할 수 있습니다. 교차결합은 항체의 팔을 줄기에 연결하고 항원결합부위 사이의 가변 거리를 허용하는 유연한 경첩부위(hinge region)에 의해 촉진됩니다. 교차결합한 항원의 큰 격자(large lattice)는 후에 더 빠르고 쉽게 대식세포(macrophage)에 의해 흡수되어, 많은 양의 항원을 한 번에 제거합니다.
 
 항체의 줄기 부위는 Fc 부위(fragment crystallizable region)라고도 하며 항체의 작동(effector) 기능을 결정합니다. Fc 도메인(Fc domain)을 통해, 항체는 B 세포, 대식세포, 비만세포(mast cell)와 같은 다른 면역 세포의 Fc 수용체(Fc receptor)와 상호작용할 수 있습니다. Fc 부위는 종종 당화되어 Fc 수용체 접근을 방해하거나 허용합니다. 따라서 항체의 당화 상태를 변경하면 항체 기능의 빠른 조절이 가능합니다.
 
 <h4>포유류의 항체는 다섯 가지 종류가 있습니다</h4>
 
 항체는 Y자 구조의 수와 중사슬의 유형에 따라 분류됩니다. IgD, IgE, IgG 항체는 하나의 Y자 모양 구조를 가지며 팔 끝에 동일한 두 개의 항원결합부위가 있습니다. 좀 더 과학적인 용어로 말하자면, 위의 항체는 2의 결합가(valency; valence)을 가지고 있습니다. 한편 IgD, IgE, IgG는 두 중사슬 사이의 이황화 결합과 비공유결합의 구성이 다릅니다. IgA는 단위체(monomer; 단량체) 또는 이합체(dimer; 이량체)로 발생할 수 있으며, 아랫부분이 결합한 두 Y 모양과 유사합니다. 이합체로서 IgA는 동일한 항원결합부위 4개(즉, 결합가 4)가 있습니다. IgM은 단위체로 발생할 수 있지만 5합체(pentamer; 5량체)로 더 자주 발생하고, 따라서 결합가는 10입니다.
 
 <h4>다섯 가지 항체는 각자 다른 면역 기능을 유발합니다</h4>
 
 IgG 항체는 혈액에서 가장 풍부한 항체 분자이며, 특정 병원체를 두 번째로 마주칠 때 대량으로 분비됩니다. IgG는 여러 가지 방법으로 병원체 제거에 기여합니다. 그들은 대식세포나 호중구(neutrophil)에 의한 식세포작용(phagocytosis)을 유발하기 위해 병원체를 옵소닌화(opsonization)합니다. 식세포 활동은 효소 단백질의 연쇄반응(cascade)인 보체계(complement system)에 의해 강화됩니다. 보체계는 자체는 IgG에 의해 활성화합니다. 또한, IgG는 임신부에서 태아로 태반을 넘나들 수 있는 유일한 항체입니다. 또 IgG는 모유에 분비되어 유아를 감염으로부터 보호하는 수동면역(passive immunity)을 제공합니다.
 
 IgA는 위장, 호흡기, 비뇨기 등의 점막 표면을 보호합니다. 가장 먼저 박테리아를 중화(neutralization) 시켜 상피(epithelium)를 가로질러 이동하는 것을 막아줍니다. IgA는 점액(mucus), 눈물, 침, 초유(colostrum)에도 분비됩니다. IgA는 분비될 때 이합체로, 체액에서는 단위체로 존재합니다.
 
 IgM 단위체는 미접촉 B 세포(naive B cell)에 먼저 나타납니다. IgM은 항원에 대한 첫 번째 노출 즉, 1차 항체 반응(primary antibody response)에 반응하여 B 세포에 의해 분비되는 주요 항체 유형입니다. 항원이 IgM 분자와 결합하면 보체계를 활성화하고 병원체를 중화시킵니다.
 
 IgD 항체의 기능은 잘 알려지지 않았지만 IgM과 비슷하다고 여겨집니다.
 
 IgE는 체액 내 수치가 낮기 때문에 연구가 어렵지만 인간의 안녕에 부정적인 영향을 주는 알레르기(allergy; 알러지)로 알려져 있습니다. 알레르기 반응이 일어나는 동안, IgE는 동족 항원(cognate antigen)에 결합합니다. 그 후, IgE의 Fc 부위는 백혈구의 일종인 비만세포와 호염기구(basophil)에 결합합니다. 세포 표면에 있는 Fc 수용체와 IgE의 상호작용은 히스타민(histamine)과 인터루킨(interleukin)의 방출을 유도하고, 이는 재채기, 가려움 등의 알레르기 증상을 유발합니다.
 
 <h4>연구, 진단, 치료를 위한 항체는 동물에서 생산됩니다</h4>
 
 항체는 진단과 질병의 치료뿐만 아니라 많은 연구 분야에서 쓰이는 중요한 도구입니다. 항체를 생산하기 위해 가축이나 실험동물(토끼, 닭, 햄스터, 염소 등)에게 항원을 주입하고, 후에 항체를 동물의 혈액으로부터 분리합니다.

개요
면역글로불린(Ig)이라고도 하는 항체는 적응면역계의 필수 요소입니다. 이러한 항원 결합 단백질은 ...

Education

교육

JoVE Core

Molecular Biology

분자생물학

Unit 1

제1단원

Protein Structure

단백질 구조

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

주요 용어 및 개념

antibody heavy and light chains

Antibodies are built from heavy and light chains that work together to form a Y-shaped molecule. These chains give the antibody its basic structure and help it bind to specific targets.

The two upper arms of the Y contain the variable regions, which differ from one antibody to another. These variable regions help determine which antigen, or foreign molecule, the antibody can recognize.

The lower part of the antibody is the constant region. This region is more similar across antibodies and helps define the antibody class. The structure of the chains also supports the antibody’s overall shape and function.

Antibody Heavy and Light Chains

what are proteins?

Proteins, Amino Acids, and Polypeptides

Proteins are built from amino acids and form polypeptides. Amino acids are the small building blocks, and a polypeptide is a chain of amino acids joined together. This basic relationship explains how proteins are made and why their structure matters. Proteins have several important roles in living things. Some proteins help build body structures, while others carry out work inside cells. The transcript also connects proteins to enzymes, which are proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

protein organization

Protein Organization and Folding Levels

Protein organization describes how a protein is arranged at several levels. These levels help explain how a chain of amino acids becomes a working molecule. The main stages are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure. Primary structure is the linear order of amino acids in the protein chain. Secondary structure is the first step of folding. In this stage, the chain can form patterns such as helices and sheets. Tertiary structure is the overall three-dimensional shape of one...

protein folding

Protein Folding and Structure

Protein folding is the process that gives a protein its final three-dimensional shape. That shape is essential because a protein’s structure helps determine how it works in the cell. A folded protein is stabilized by several interactions. These include hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interactions, and disulfide bridges. Each one helps hold the protein in the correct form. When a protein does not fold properly, its structure can change. That can affect its function and can interfere with normal...

conservation of protein domains over different proteins

conservation-of-protein-domains-over-different-proteins

Argonaute Protein Domains Across Species

Argonaute proteins have conserved domains that help small RNAs guide gene silencing. These proteins are found across organisms, but the number of Argonaute family members can differ from one species to another. Protein domains are small, structurally independent parts of a single amino acid chain. They can keep their shape on their own, but they may still work together with other parts of the protein. During evolution, domains can duplicate, recombine, and form new combinations. This process,...

globular and fibrous proteins

Protein Shapes: Globular vs Fibrous

Proteins can be grouped by shape into globular proteins and fibrous proteins. These two subtypes also differ in how they dissolve in water and in the jobs they do in cells and tissues. Globular proteins, also called spheroproteins, are usually round in shape. They contain a mix of amino acid types and varied primary sequences. Their shapes support many functions, including enzymes, cellular messengers, and molecular transporters. These roles often need the proteins to stay soluble in the...

intrinsically disordered proteins

Flexible Protein Regions and Binding

Intrinsically disordered proteins are proteins that do not fold into one fixed three-dimensional shape. Their flexible structure helps them work with ordered proteins to do jobs that rigid proteins cannot easily do. They are found more often in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes, and they can be fully disordered or made of both ordered and disordered regions. This lack of a rigid shape is linked to amino acid makeup. These proteins usually have many polar and charged amino acids and fewer...

protein complex assembly

How Proteins Self-Assemble in Cells

Proteins can self-assemble into working complexes inside cells. Some complexes are homomeric, which means they contain more than one copy of the same protein. Others are heteromeric, which means they are built from different protein types. Most protein complexes form through ordered self-assembly. In some cases, assembly factors help guide the proteins into the correct structure. Even in the crowded space inside a cell, proteins usually find the right partners and form functional complexes. <br...

conjugated proteins

Conjugated Proteins and Their Roles

Conjugated proteins are proteins that bond with a non-protein part. Unlike simple proteins, which contain only amino acids, these protein complexes include another chemical moiety attached covalently. That extra part can change how the protein works in the body. Nucleoproteins are conjugated proteins that contain nucleic acids. They are grouped as deoxyribonucleoproteins (DNPs) or ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). A nucleosome is a common DNP example, where nuclear DNA is associated with histone...

amyloid fibrils

Amyloid Fibrils in Brain Disease

Amyloid fibrils are clumps of misfolded proteins linked to brain disease and other disorders. In normal cells, misfolded proteins are usually refolded by chaperone proteins or broken down by the proteasome. But in some mutations or diseases, these proteins can build up into large clusters and then assemble into long fibers called fibrils. Amyloid deposits were seen as early as 1639 in the liver and spleen. In 1854, Rudolph Virchow used iodine staining, a method normally used to identify...

antibody structure

Antibodies are built from heavy and light chains that work together to form a Y-shaped molecule. These chains give the antibody its basic structure and help it bind to specific targets. The two upper arms of the Y contain the variable regions, which differ from one antibody to another. These variable regions help determine which antigen, or foreign molecule, the antibody can recognize. The lower part of the antibody is the constant region. This region is more similar across antibodies and...

protein families

Protein Families and Superfamilies

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins with similar amino acid sequences and three-dimensional shapes. They often appear after gene duplication, when an extra copy of a gene is added to an organism’s genome. Mutations can then change the amino acids, as long as the protein can still be made correctly. If the new proteins keep similar amino acids in key places, their domains and overall three-dimensional structure can stay similar too. Members of the same family can share as little...

key terms and concepts

Explore how antibody heavy and light chains form a Y-shaped molecule, with variable regions for target binding and a constant region that helps define class.

Antibody Heavy and Light Chains | JoVE K12

molecular biology

JoVE Core 분자생물학은 명확하고 간결한 애니메이션을 통해 분자 단계에서 일어나는 세포 과정을 설명합니다.또한, 과학자가 직접 실험을 진행하는 실사 영상을 통해 분자생물학 개념의 응용 사례를 보여줍니다.

Arizona Science Standards

Life Science

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.5

myJoVE Corporation

Characteristics of Life

Biology is a natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their structure, function, development, interactions, evolution, ...

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Levels of Organization

Biological organization is the classification of biological structures, ranging from atoms at the bottom of the hierarchy to the Earth&#x27;s biosphere. ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Introduction to Virus

Viruses are unique biological entities that blur the boundary between living and non-living systems. Although they lack cellular structure and metabolic ...

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. ...

Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

BIO1.LS1.1

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Eukaryotic Evolution

The endosymbiont theory is the most widely accepted theory of eukaryotic evolution; however, its progression is still somewhat debated. According to the ...

Animal and Plant Cell Structure

Animal and plant cells not only differ in their structure, function, and mode of nutrition but also in how they reproduce, specialize, and organize into ...

Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
EXPLANATION: Students explicitly discuss the structure and function of major cellular organelles in seventh grade. Building on this understanding, Biology I students should shift their focus to the different types of cells found in organisms and how the role of each cell type relates to its composition and the prevalence of different organelles within that cell. An example might include the absence (or enucleation) of the nucleus in red blood cells in mammals providing for increased levels of oxygen transport in organisms or the lack of centrioles in most neurons. Varying cell types can include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.

BIO1.LS1.2

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its ...

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

DNA Base Pairing

Erwin Chargaff&#x2019;s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff&#x2019;s rules state that in a ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Overview

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to ...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high ...

Mutations

Overview

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations ...

pre-mRNA Processing

In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or ...

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional ...

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while ...

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect ...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding ...

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Protein Folding

Protein Families

Protein families are groups of homologous proteins; that is, they have similarities in amino acid sequences and three-dimensional structures. Protein ...

Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

Protein domains are small structurally independent units that are part of a single amino acid chain.&#160; Although these domains are often structurally ...

Globular and Fibrous Proteins

Many proteins can be classified into two distinct subtypes - globular or fibrous. These two types differ in their shapes and solubilities.
Globular ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

Intrinsically disordered proteins are a group of proteins that do not fold into specific three-dimensional structures. Their structural flexibility allows ...

Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.&#160; Most protein complexes ...

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with ...

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

Binding sites linkages can regulate a protein&#39;s function.&#160; For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the ...

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.&#160; Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or ...

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand ...

Phosphorylation

Ligand Binding Sites

Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their ...

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, ...

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism&#39;s survival. Most PPIs ...

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell ...

Conserved Binding Sites

Many proteins&#8217; biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein ...

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an ...

the-equilibrium-binding-constant-and-binding-strength

The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at ...

protein-complexes-with-interchangeable-parts

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex&#8217;s function. ...

Cofactors and Coenzymes

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical ...

Allosteric Regulation

Structural Protein Function

Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures ...

Ligand Binding and Linkage

Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other ...

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other ...

Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
EXPLANATION: Discussions of DNA in earlier grades have been limited to discussions of genes and the role of genes in the appearance and activities of an organism. Biology 1 represents a student's introduction to a molecular model of a DNA as well as the organization of DNA into genes and genes subsequently into chromosomes. Students should address interactions between genes in proteins which regulate both the shape and reproduction of DNA molecules. It is important to note that not all segments of DNA are transcribed for proteins. Portions of DNA are involved in regulating the expression of genes or affect the structure of the chromosomes (replication origin, centromeres, and telomeres).

What is the Cell Cycle?

The cell cycle refers to the sequence of events occurring throughout a typical cell&#8217;s life. In eukaryotic cells, the somatic cell cycle has two ...

Interphase

The cell cycle occurs over approximately 24 hours (in a typical human cell) and in two distinct stages: interphase, which includes three phases of the ...

The Cell Cycle Control System

Positive Regulator Molecules

Inhibition of CDK Activity

S-Cdk Initiates DNA Replication

M-Cdk Drives Transition Into Mitosis

Mitogens and the Cell Cycle

Replicative Cell Senescence

Abnormal Proliferation

cells-coordinate-growth-and-proliferation

Cells Coordinate Growth and Proliferation

Create a model for the major events of the eukaryotic cell cycle, including mitosis. Compare and contrast the rates of cell division in various eukaryotic cell types in multicellular organisms.
EXPLANATION: Students first discuss mitosis in seventh grade, specifically focusing on the role of mitosis in creating genetically identical daughter cells. Biology 1 discussions should connect a student's understanding of gene expression and protein function with the process of mitosis to explore the differentiation of cell types from otherwise identical daughter cells. Discussions should also include varying rates of mitotic division and the relationship between these rates of division and the function of specific cell types within eukaryotic organisms. Examples may include the extremely limited use of mitosis by neurons due to their interconnectedness within neural networks or the rapid rates of mitosis with growing root tips.

BIO1.LS1.6

Antibody Heavy and Light Chains

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