Vdj Gene Segments
Vdj Gene Segments - Related Videos
15:07
VDJ-Seq: Deep Sequencing Analysis of Rearranged Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Gene to Reveal Clonal Evolution Patterns of B Cell Lymphoma
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Cited by 19 •
2015
This protocol describes an approach to interrogate the recombined immunoglobulin heavy chain VDJ regions of lymphomas by deep-sequencing and retrieve VDJ rearrangement and somatic hypermutation status to delineate clonal architecture of individual tumor. Comparing clonal architecture between paired diagnosis and relapse samples reveals lymphoma relapse clonal evolution modes.
03:24
Anterior Eye Segment Dissection: A Method to Isolate Cornea Bearing Anterior Segment from Porcine Eye
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the dissection of the cornea-bearing anterior segment of the porcine eye. The isolated segment can be used for organ culturing to study the pathophysiology of eye disorders.
11:38
Volume Segmentation and Analysis of Biological Materials Using SuRVoS (Super-region Volume Segmentation) Workbench
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Cited by 8 •
2017
Segmentation of three-dimensional data from many imaging techniques is a major bottleneck in analysis of complex biological systems. Here, we describe the use of SuRVoS Workbench to semi-automatically segment volumetric data at various length-scales using example datasets from cryo-electron tomography, cryo soft X-ray tomography, and phase contrast X-ray tomography techniques.
03:57
Anterior Eye Segment Culturing: A Method to Culture Cornea Bearing Anterior Segment of Porcine Eye
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the culturing method of a cornea-bearing anterior eye segment from a porcine eye. This culture system serves as an experimental model to study eye injuries.
03:21
Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes
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2020
While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
FAQs
During lymphocyte development, RAG1 and RAG2 recognize recombination signal sequences associated with selected V, D, and J elements. These proteins cut the DNA at the appropriate sites, after which DNA repair pathways reconnect the chosen segments. The resulting rearrangement creates a receptor variable region specific to that developing lymphocyte and contributes to distinct immune-cell repertoires.
Recombination signal sequences provide recognition sites that guide RAG1 and RAG2 to the DNA regions eligible for rearrangement. This targeting helps determine which variable, diversity, and joining segments are cut and joined rather than allowing arbitrary DNA combinations. Their role therefore connects the molecular recognition step with controlled assembly of antigen-receptor genes.
Diversity arises through two related mechanisms. Different combinations of available V, D, and J segments produce multiple possible assemblies, while imprecise joining during DNA repair changes the sequences at the junctions. Together, combinatorial selection and junctional variation expand the number of distinct antigen receptors beyond the number of inherited gene segments.
The same general rearrangement principle supports receptor formation in both B and T lymphocytes, but the resulting repertoires serve different antigen-recognition systems. Immunoglobulin repertoires belong to B lymphocytes, whereas T-cell receptor repertoires belong to T lymphocytes. Comparing these repertoires helps researchers examine how adaptive immune recognition is organized across lymphocyte types.
A conceptual workflow begins by identifying the relevant V, D, and J elements and their recombination signal sequences, followed by examining RAG1 and RAG2-mediated cutting and DNA repair-based joining. Researchers can then evaluate the resulting immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor repertoire. This sequence connects genomic rearrangement with the receptor diversity observed in developing lymphocytes.
Researchers examine these segments when investigating immune development, antigen recognition, immune disorders, or responses to vaccines. The rearranged receptor repertoire provides a way to study how lymphocytes acquire distinct recognition capabilities. These investigations can connect molecular changes in receptor-gene assembly with broader patterns of adaptive immune function.
Repertoire-based analysis can reveal the range of distinct immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor arrangements produced through segment combination and imprecise junctional joining. In research, this information supports studies of antigen recognition and vaccine responses and may contribute to repertoire-based diagnostics. It also helps relate receptor diversity to immune development and immune disorders.