Pathologic Examination
Pathologic Examination - Related Videos
07:44
Ophthalmoscopic Examination
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2023
Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA The simplest ophthalmoscopes consist of an aperture to look through, a diopter indicator, and a disc for selecting lenses. The ophthalmoscope is primarily used to examine the fundus, or the inner wall of the posterior eye, which consists of the choroid, retina, fovea, macula, optic disc, and retinal vessels (Figure 1). The spherical eyeball...
35:03
Mental Status Examination
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2023
Source: Carmen Black, Matthew Goldenberg, and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The mental status exam is a clinical evaluation of emotional, perceptual, and cognitive functioning that spans both the fields of psychiatry and neurology. Developing skill in the psychiatric portions of the examination are important to describe salient aspects of the patient's mental state that may be observed during routine history and/or physical exam. Proficiency in the cognitive portions of this...
08:29
Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
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Cited by 7 •
2016
Organized brain cutting procedures are necessary to correlate specific neuropsychiatric phenomena with definitive neuropathologic diagnoses. Brain cuttings are performed differently based on various clinico-academic contingencies. This protocol describes a symmetric bihemispheric brain cutting procedure to investigate hemispheric differences in human brain pathologies and to maximize current and future biomolecular/neuroimaging techniques.
05:15
Noninvasive Intratracheal Intubation to Study the Pathology and Physiology of Mouse Lung
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Cited by 22 •
2013
The use of a model that mimics the condition of lung diseases in humans is critical for studying the pathophysiology and/or etiology of a particular disease and for developing therapeutic intervention. Here a noninvasive intratracheal intubation method that can directly deliver exogenous materials to mouse lungs is presented.
20:06
The Comprehensive Infant Examination
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2023
Source: Heather Collette and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The newborn exam is important in establishing a baby's baseline health status as they enter the world. Newborn providers have the unique opportunity to evaluate a patient for the very first time. They are also tasked with identifying congenital anomalies that require early intervention to promote a long and healthy life for the child. Many newborn anomalies, such as heart defects, are noted on prenatal ultrasound. However,...
FAQs
Gross inspection provides an initial view of a specimen’s overall structural changes, while microscopic analysis examines cellular architecture in greater detail. Considering both levels helps pathologists relate visible abnormalities to changes within cells and tissues, strengthening disease identification and characterization. This combined perspective can also support disease classification and assessment of effects on the body.
Histologic staining makes tissue structures easier to distinguish during microscopic analysis, whereas targeted laboratory tests add focused evidence about particular abnormalities. The two approaches therefore serve complementary roles: staining reveals patterns in tissue architecture, and targeted testing helps investigate selected findings. Together, they can improve the characterization of disease and inform diagnostic interpretation.
Pathologic findings support more than initial recognition of disease. Their interpretation can help classify a condition, estimate prognosis, and guide treatment planning. Because examination can characterize the effects of disease on tissues, cells, or fluids, the resulting evidence gives clinicians a structural basis for decisions about patient care.
This connection helps clinicians interpret an observed abnormality in the context of the patient’s symptoms rather than treating a laboratory finding in isolation. Pathologic examination supplies evidence about how disease affects tissues, cells, or bodily fluids, while clinical information supplies the patient-centered context. Together, they support diagnosis and more informed care.
A typical workflow can begin with specimen collection and gross inspection, followed by tissue processing when tissue requires preparation for microscopic study. Histologic staining may then help reveal cellular structures, and targeted laboratory tests can investigate selected findings. The assembled observations are interpreted to characterize disease and communicate clinically useful results.
It is especially useful when clinicians need evidence about disease extent, classification, or likely course, and when treatment decisions depend on tissue or cellular findings. In surgical care, examination can help assess margins; during therapy, it can help monitor response. In biomedical research, the same approach supports diagnostic development and more precise diagnostic approaches.