Retinal Examination
Retinal Examination - Related Videos
10:11
Cut-loading: A Useful Tool for Examining the Extent of Gap Junction Tracer Coupling Between Retinal Neurons
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Cited by 11 •
2012
An easy and convenient method to determine the extent of gap junction tracer coupling between retinal neurons is described. This technique enables one to investigate the function of the electrical synapses between neurons in the intact retina under different illumination conditions and at different times of the day and night.
07:44
Ophthalmoscopic Examination
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2023
Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA The simplest ophthalmoscopes consist of an aperture to look through, a diopter indicator, and a disc for selecting lenses. The ophthalmoscope is primarily used to examine the fundus, or the inner wall of the posterior eye, which consists of the choroid, retina, fovea, macula, optic disc, and retinal vessels (Figure 1). The spherical eyeball...
07:11
Examination of Anatomical Features of Retinal Ganglion Cells Under N-methyl-D-aspartic Acid (NMDA)-induced Excitotoxicity
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2025
Here, we describe the use of a genetically directed alkaline phosphatase (AP) labeling method to investigate the anatomical features and phenotypes of mouse retinas under NMDA-induced excitotoxicity. In conjunction with several retinal ganglion cell (RGC) subtype-specific reporter lines, we uncover novel phenotypes in dying RGCs throughout the degenerative process.
20:06
The Comprehensive Infant Examination
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2023
Source: Heather Collette and Jaideep Talwalkar; Yale School of Medicine The newborn exam is important in establishing a baby's baseline health status as they enter the world. Newborn providers have the unique opportunity to evaluate a patient for the very first time. They are also tasked with identifying congenital anomalies that require early intervention to promote a long and healthy life for the child. Many newborn anomalies, such as heart defects, are noted on prenatal ultrasound. However,...
02:54
Preparation of Mouse Retinal Cryosections to Assess Retinal Permeability to Adeno-Associated Virus
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2026
Source: Vacca, O., et al. Using Adeno-associated Virus as a Tool to Study Retinal Barriers in Disease. J. Vis. Exp. (2015)This video demonstrates the step-by-step procedure for preparing mouse retinal cryosections to visualize adeno-associated virus permeability across disrupted retinal barriers.
FAQs
Pharmacologic dilation changes the examination conditions by enlarging the pupil before the clinician views the fundus. This can facilitate inspection with an ophthalmoscope or slit-lamp biomicroscope, which provide illumination and magnification. The resulting view supports assessment of the macula, optic disc, and retinal blood vessels for structural abnormalities.
Retinal findings can reflect both local ocular damage and changes associated with systemic disease. In particular, clinicians may evaluate retinal blood vessels alongside the macula and optic disc, because abnormalities in these structures can contribute to recognizing diabetic retinopathy, vascular changes, or optic nerve damage. This broader information supports diagnosis and clinical monitoring.
The two instruments are relevant because they provide illumination and magnification for viewing the fundus. Using either approach, clinicians can inspect the macula, optic disc, and retinal blood vessels for structural abnormalities. This shared capability makes them useful for evaluating ocular health and for recognizing findings that may warrant diagnosis, monitoring, or referral.
The macula, optic disc, and retinal blood vessels receive particular attention because each can reveal clinically important abnormalities. Evaluation may identify changes associated with diabetic retinopathy, retinal detachment, vascular changes, or optic nerve damage. Considering these structures together helps clinicians assess ocular health, recognize possible systemic disease, and determine whether monitoring or referral is needed.
Before viewing the fundus, clinicians may use pharmacologic dilation. They then examine the illuminated and magnified view with an ophthalmoscope or slit-lamp biomicroscope, focusing on the macula, optic disc, and retinal blood vessels. If abnormalities are identified, the findings can support diagnosis, ongoing monitoring, timely treatment, or referral.
Fundus photography and optical coherence tomography add a record that can be compared across visits. Their main contribution is documentation of retinal changes over time, complementing the clinician’s direct assessment. This longitudinal record can support monitoring, help show whether findings change, and inform decisions about continued care or referral.