Orexin Blockade
Orexin Blockade - Related Videos
01:29
Neuromuscular Junction And Blockade
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2025
The site of chemical communication between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber is called the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The end of the motor neuron at the NMJ divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs. The cytoplasm of these bulbs consists of synaptic vesicles enclosing acetylcholine molecules, the principal neurotransmitter released at the NMJ. The region opposite the synaptic bulb that ends in the muscle fiber is called the motor end plate, which has acetylcholine receptors. Within the...
08:50
Deep Neuromuscular Blockade Leads to a Larger Intraabdominal Volume During Laparoscopy
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Cited by 49 •
2013
This article presents a method for measuring the working abdominal volume during laproscopic myomectomy using the surgical grasper, and applies this technique to obtain pilot data on whether deep neuromuscular blockade (NMB) can enable the use of lower insufflation pressure. Reduced insufflation pressure during laproscopic surgery has been shown to reduce post-operative pain, and thus the use of NMB during surgery may enable improved patient outcomes.
02:31
Detection of Orexin and Cannabinoid Receptor Co-localization in Diet-Induced Obese Zebrafish
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2025
This video demonstrates a protocol for investigating the co-localization of orexin and cannabinoid receptors in normal and diet-induced obesity (DIO) adult zebrafish brain tissue using immunofluorescence.
11:55
Induction of Alloantigen-specific Anergy in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells by Alloantigen Stimulation with Co-stimulatory Signal Blockade
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Cited by 9 •
2011
This paper describes a simple technique to induce alloantigen-specific anergy in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The technique can be applied clinically to generate non-alloreactive donor cells. Infusion of these cells could improve immune reconstitution and reduce toxicity after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
08:37
Identification of Orexin and Endocannabinoid Receptors in Adult Zebrafish Using Immunoperoxidase and Immunofluorescence Methods
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Cited by 8 •
2019
Presented here are protocols for immunohistochemical characterization and localization of orexin peptide, orexin receptors, and endocannabinoid receptors in the gut and brains of normal and diet-induced obesity (DIO) adult zebrafish models using immunoperixidase and double immunofluorescence methods.
FAQs
Blocking both receptor types allows a drug to reduce signaling through the two principal orexin pathways at the same time. This broadens the pharmacological intervention beyond targeting a single receptor and helps investigators examine how combined pathway inhibition affects wakefulness, arousal, sleep onset, and sleep maintenance in insomnia research.
Orexin blockade weakens specific wake-promoting signaling rather than generally suppressing central nervous system activity. That distinction is important because it provides a pharmacological way to reduce wakefulness through an arousal-regulating pathway. Researchers can therefore compare targeted disruption of orexin signaling with broader mechanisms when studying sleep effects and drug safety.
Receptor selectivity helps separate the contributions of orexin-1 and orexin-2 pathways. Comparing selective and dual receptor antagonism gives pharmacologists a way to associate particular receptor targets with changes in wakefulness, arousal, or sleep-related outcomes. This approach supports more precise investigation of orexin biology and the design of future arousal-regulating therapies.
Sleep onset and sleep maintenance are central outcomes because orexin signaling supports wakefulness and arousal. A pharmacological study may therefore examine whether reducing this signaling helps a person begin sleeping and remain asleep. Assessing both outcomes distinguishes effects on initiating sleep from effects on sustaining it, which is relevant to insomnia treatment.
In pharmacology, orexin blockade provides a targeted strategy for investigating medicines intended to facilitate sleep onset and maintenance. Researchers can relate receptor activity to these therapeutic effects while also examining the broader consequences of reducing wake-promoting signaling. This connects molecular pharmacology with treatment-focused studies of insomnia and sleep-wake disorders.
Reducing wake-promoting signaling may influence more than the period when sleep begins or continues, so next-day effects are important outcomes in drug evaluation. Safety studies place the intended sleep benefits in context by examining how the intervention relates to subsequent functioning and tolerability. These assessments help guide development of orexin-targeting therapies.