골반 시험 III: 양수동 및 교구 시험
View the full transcript and gain access to JoVE Science Education videos
Q1: What is the purpose of a bimanual pelvic exam?
A bimanual exam thoroughly evaluates the cervix, uterus, ovaries, and other pelvic structures using both hands. The external abdominal hand gently displaces organs inward while the internal vaginal hand palpates them, allowing assessment of organ size, position, consistency, tenderness, and detection of masses or abnormalities like cysts or fibroids.
Q2: Why might a provider perform the bimanual exam before the speculum exam?
Performing the bimanual exam first helps patients relax mentally and physically before the more invasive speculum examination. It also allows the provider to assess cervical position and become familiar with the patient's anatomy, enabling smoother and more comfortable speculum insertion during the pelvic exam assessment of the external genitalia and cervical sampling.
Q3: How do you locate and assess the uterus during a bimanual exam?
Place internal fingers on the posterior vaginal wall and sweep upward to locate the cervix, noting os position and angle. Use your external hand to press downward on the abdomen in a scooping motion, moving lower each time until you feel the cervix tap against your fingers. This identifies upper and lower uterine boundaries, allowing assessment of size, shape, and consistency.
Q4: What does cervical motion tenderness indicate during a bimanual exam?
Cervical motion tenderness (CMT) occurs when a patient experiences discomfort as you gently move the cervix up, down, and side to side. This positive finding, observed by watching the patient's facial expression, may indicate pelvic inflammation, infection, or other pathological conditions requiring further clinical evaluation.
Q5: How is the rectovaginal exam performed and when is it indicated?
During rectovaginal examination, one finger is placed in the rectum and another in the vagina to assess the rectovaginal septum, rectum, and retroverted uterus. It is indicated to fully assess a retroverted uterus and ovaries, evaluate rectal symptoms or pelvic pain, or screen for cancer and other non-symptomatic pelvic conditions.
Q6: What anatomical structures can you assess through the rectovaginal septum?
The rectovaginal septum is normally firm and pliable. By scissoring your fingers, you can assess this structure and palpate the utero-sacral ligaments, which feel like rubber bands. A retroverted uterus protrudes posteriorly and becomes palpable through the septum, allowing complete evaluation of the uterine surface.
Q7: How does uterine position affect what you can palpate during a bimanual exam?
In retroflexion, the uterus tilts toward the rectum and can be felt through the posterior fornix. In anteflexion, the cervix points downward and the uterus curves over the bladder, making it impalpable in the posterior fornix. The cervical os angle—angled posteriorly, pointing downward, or midline—helps determine uterine position and guides palpation technique.