Dual Infection
Dual Infection - Related Videos
11:44
Establishment of a Rat Model for Intrauterine Adhesions via Dual Injury: Curettage and Infection
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Cited by 1 •
2025
Intrauterine adhesions (IUAs), the most common pathological consequence of endometrial injury, severely impair reproductive function. Trauma and infection are widely recognized as key risk factors for IUA development. We have successfully established a reproducible rat model of IUAs by combining two critical injury methods: mechanical curettage and infectious induction with lipopolysaccharide.
02:40
Detecting SMAD Pathway Activation Using Dual Adenovirus Transduction
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2026
Source: Chen, H., et al. Live Cell Imaging of the TGF-β/Smad3 Signaling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo Using an Adenovirus Reporter System. J. Vis. Exp. (2018).This video demonstrates a method to study SMAD pathway activation in breast cancer cells using dual adenoviral infection. One virus delivers a constitutively expressed GFP gene, while the other carries an RFP reporter under a SMAD-sensitive promoter. Upon TGF-beta stimulation, SMAD proteins are activated, forming a complex that induces RFP...
00:10
Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
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Cited by 7 •
2019
This protocol provides a reliable method to establish humanized mice with both human immune system and liver cells. Dual reconstituted immunodeficient mice achieved via intrasplenic injection of human hepatocytes and CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells are susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection and recapitulate liver damage as observed in HIV-infected patients.
07:30
Design of Cecal Ligation and Puncture and Intranasal Infection Dual Model of Sepsis-Induced Immunosuppression
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Cited by 7 •
2019
This protocol describes techniques to measure infectious outcomes underlying secondary hospital-acquired infections in the immunosuppressive condition, first by establishing cecal ligation/puncture mice then challenging them with intranasal infection to create a clinically relevant model of immunosuppression sepsis.
07:33
In vivo Dual Substrate Bioluminescent Imaging
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Cited by 20 •
2011
Herein we describe the methods to construct, visualize, and quantify the bioluminescent reactions of both firefly and renilla luciferase enzymes expressed in metastatic breast cancer cells during their growth and metastasis in vivo.
FAQs
When two infectious agents occupy the same host, tissue, or cell, they may compete for cellular resources needed for replication. This interaction can change how efficiently either agent reproduces and may alter the resulting disease pattern. Examining resource competition therefore helps explain why infection outcomes differ from those associated with either agent alone.
One infectious agent can modify the host immune response in ways that affect the other agent indirectly. Changes in immunity may also alter tissue conditions, creating an environment that favors or restricts replication. These host-mediated interactions help account for differences in disease severity and progression among individuals carrying more than one infectious agent.
The agents may be present simultaneously or may enter the host sequentially, creating different opportunities for interaction. Their order and timing can influence exposure to altered immune responses, tissue conditions, or available cellular resources. Considering infection timing is therefore important when interpreting disease progression, transmission patterns, and therapeutic responses.
Disease severity may reflect interactions among the infectious agents as well as the host response to them. Competition, altered replication, immune modulation, and changed tissue conditions can combine in different ways. Studying these factors helps explain why patients with related infections may experience different clinical patterns or disease progression.
A useful investigation considers which infectious agents are present, whether they occupy the same host, tissue, or cell, and whether infection occurred simultaneously or sequentially. Researchers can then relate these features to replication, immune responses, tissue conditions, disease severity, transmission, diagnostic results, and treatment response to characterize the interaction more fully.
The presence of two infectious agents can contribute to variation in diagnostic results, because observed findings may reflect the activity or interaction of more than one agent. Interpreting results in this context requires attention to the possibility of multiple infections rather than assuming that one detected agent explains every aspect of disease.
This topic is particularly relevant when disease severity, transmission, diagnostic findings, or therapeutic response varies between cases. Surveillance can help identify coinfections and track their significance, while interaction-focused analysis can guide treatment strategies. Together, these applications connect laboratory understanding of pathogen and host interactions with decisions about disease monitoring and management.