Name: how alleles shape inherited traits
Uploaded: 2024-08-29T22:13:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.10

Genetic Variation

Zmienność genetyczna wynika z różnic w sekwencjach DNA między osobnikami, które są niezbędne do adaptacji i ewolucji gatunków.
Różnice genetyczne powstają, gdy jajniki wytwarzają jajeczka, a jądra wytwarzają plemniki w procesie zwanym mejozą.
Jajniki uwalniają komórki jajowe, które mogą potencjalnie zapłodnić się plemnikami, gdy przemieszczają się przez jajowody do macicy.
Każda komórka jajowa i plemnik mają 23 chromosomy, które są sekwencjami DNA kodującymi geny.
Allele to różne wersje tych genów, które wpływają na określone cechy. Na przykład gen determinujący kolor oczu ma różne allele, takie jak te dla niebieskich lub brązowych oczu.
W wyniku zapłodnienia powstaje zygota z 46 chromosomami, łącząca materiał genetyczny obojga rodziców.
Osoby z dwoma identycznymi allelami genu nazywane są homozygotami, podczas gdy osoby z dwoma różnymi allelami są heterozygotami.
Na przykład osoby z dwoma zmutowanymi allelami genu globiny rozwijają chorobę genetyczną zwaną niedokrwistością sierpowatokrwinkową, podczas gdy osoby heterozygotyczne, które są nosicielami jednego zdrowego i jednego zmutowanego allelu, nie wykazują poważnych objawów choroby.

zmienność genetyczna

Zmienność genetyczna to różnorodność sekwencji DNA występujących u osobników tego samego gatunku. Ta różnorodność jest kluczowa dla przetrwania gatunku, ponieważ pomaga organizmom dostosować się do zmian środowiskowych. Zmienność genetyczna zaczyna się od zapłodnienia, w którym komórka jajowa i plemnik łączą się. Każda z tych komórek zawiera 23 chromosomy, do 46 w zapłodnionym jaju. Chromosomy to długie nici DNA zawierające geny, podstawowe jednostki dziedziczności.
 
 Geny występują w różnych wersjach zwanych allelami, które mogą wpływać na różne cechy, takie jak kolor włosów i oczu, a nawet ryzyko wystąpienia niektórych chorób. Specyficzna mieszanka alleli odziedziczona po obojgu rodzicach tworzy unikalny zestaw instrukcji genetycznych, które kształtują wygląd fizyczny i cechy zdrowotne potomstwa, zwane fenotypem.


 Genotyp to specyficzny skład genetyczny osobnika, określony przez allele otrzymane od obojga rodziców. Ta kombinacja genetyczna wpływa na sposób wyrażania cech. Na przykład kolor oczu zależy od alleli koloru oczu, które wnosi każde z rodziców. Jeśli oboje rodzice dostarczą recesywny allel dla niebieskich oczu, ich dziecko prawdopodobnie będzie miało niebieskie oczy. Odwrotnie, jeśli jeden allel odpowiada za brązowe oczy, a drugi za niebieskie, dominujący brązowy allel zwykle przeważa, co skutkuje brązowymi oczami u dziecka.


 Terminy homozygotyczny i heterozygotyczny opisują, czy dwa allele dla danego genu są takie same czy różne. Bycie homozygotycznym oznacza, że ​​oba allele są identyczne, podczas gdy heterozygotyczny oznacza, że ​​są różne. To rozróżnienie może znacząco wpłynąć na zdrowie danej osoby. Na przykład niedokrwistość sierpowatokrwinkowa to stan, w którym osoby z dwoma recesywnymi allelami dla genu hemoglobiny mają tę chorobę. Natomiast osoby heterozygotyczne, czyli będące nosicielami jednego allelu prawidłowego i jednego allelu sierpowatokrwinkowego, nie wykazują objawów choroby, ale mają lepszą ochronę przed malarią, co jest korzystne na obszarach, gdzie malaria występuje powszechnie.


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Zmienność genetyczna

Zmienność genetyczna wynika z różnic w sekwencjach DNA między osobnikami, które są niezbędne do adaptacji i ewolucji gatunków.
Wariacje genetyczne ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Wstęp do psychologii

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Biopsychology

Biopsychologia

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KLUCZOWE TERMINY I POJĘCIA

how alleles shape inherited traits

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes.

Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity.

Genes can appear in different versions called alleles. These alleles can affect traits such as hair and eye color. They can also influence the risk of certain diseases. The combination of alleles inherited from both parents creates a unique set of genetic instructions. These instructions shape an offspring’s physical appearance and health traits, which are called the phenotype.

An individual’s genotype is the specific genetic makeup they inherit from both parents. Genotype affects how traits are expressed. For example, eye color depends on the alleles each parent contributes. If both parents pass on a recessive allele for blue eyes, the child is likely to have blue eyes. If one allele is for brown eyes and the other is for blue eyes, the dominant brown allele usually leads to brown eyes.

The terms homozygous and heterozygous describe whether the two alleles for a gene are the same or different. Homozygous means both alleles are identical. Heterozygous means the alleles are different. This difference can affect health. People with two recessive alleles for the hemoglobin gene can have sickle cell anemia. People with one normal allele and one sickle cell allele do not show symptoms, but they have a protective advantage against malaria. This advantage is helpful in areas where malaria is common.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

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key terms and concepts

Learn how alleles, genotype, and phenotype work together to shape inherited traits, from eye color to sickle cell anemia and malaria protection.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

Next Generation Science Standards

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.15

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.17

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

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Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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Genetic variation stems from differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which are essential for species adaptation and evolution.
Genetic variations ...

Heritability

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Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Natural Selection and Adaptation

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Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

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Evolutionary ...

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The DNA Helix

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DNA Packaging

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Organization of Genes

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Karyotyping

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RNA Structure

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RNA Stability

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MicroRNAs

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Transcription

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Translation

Lesson: Translation
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The Central Dogma

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Transcription Factors

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Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

HS+B.L3U1.11

Mutations

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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

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Gene Duplication and Divergence

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Exon Recombination

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HS+B.L3U1.12

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

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