Name: heritability and the environment
Uploaded: 2024-10-24T14:03:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 6 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.10

Heritability

Odziedziczalność mierzy wpływ genetyczny na cechy lub cechy fizyczne, takie jak wzrost lub kolor oczu.
Odziedziczalność może się różnić w zależności od grupy i warunków, w których żyją.
Na przykład wzrost człowieka jest w 90% dziedziczny, ale składniki odżywcze i ćwiczenia mają na niego znaczący wpływ.
Kiedy wszyscy w grupie, podobnie jak wszystkie dzieci w tej rodzinie, żyją w podobnym środowisku, różnice w ich cechach, takich jak wzrost czy osobowość, są bardziej prawdopodobne, że wynikają z ich czynników genetycznych.
I odwrotnie, jeśli jedno z dzieci jest bardziej aktywne fizycznie i ma zdrowszą dietę, różnice między cechami fizycznymi rodzeństwa mogą wynikać z czynników środowiskowych, a nie genetycznych.
Dane historyczne dotyczące cech fizycznych dodatkowo ilustrują wpływ środowiska. Na przykład średni wzrost zarówno mężczyzn, jak i kobiet wzrósł o około 10 cm w ciągu ostatnich 100 lat, co odzwierciedla poprawę w zakresie odżywiania i opieki zdrowotnej.

dziedziczność

Dziedziczność to pojęcie statystyczne, które mierzy stopień, w jakim różnice genetyczne między osobnikami przyczyniają się do zmienności cech w obrębie populacji. Jest to fundamentalna idea w genetyce, często podatna na błędną interpretację. Dziedziczność jest wyrażana jako procent, odzwierciedlający proporcję zmienności w określonej cesze w obrębie populacji, która może być powiązana z różnicami genetycznymi. Ważne jest jednak, aby zrozumieć, że dziedziczność nie określa, jak „genetyczna” jest dana cecha, ani nie jest stała w różnych populacjach lub kontekstach środowiskowych.


 Dziedziczność cechy może znacząco wahać się w zależności od badanej populacji i konkretnych obecnych warunków środowiskowych. Ta zmienność podkreśla, że ​​dziedziczność jest z natury zależna od kontekstu. Na przykład w populacji, w której jednostki doświadczają bardzo podobnych warunków środowiskowych, różnice w cesze, takiej jak wzrost, są bardziej prawdopodobnie przypisywane zmiennościom genetycznym, co skutkuje wyższą oceną dziedziczności. Odwrotnie, w populacji o zróżnicowanym zakresie warunków środowiskowych ta sama cecha może wykazywać niższą dziedziczność, ponieważ czynniki środowiskowe odgrywają większą rolę w obserwowanych zmiennościach.


 Ponadto wysoka dziedziczność nie sugeruje, że rozwój cechy nie jest dotknięty wpływami środowiskowymi. Nawet cechy ze znacznymi komponentami dziedzicznymi, takie jak IQ, mogą być znacząco zmienione przez zmiany warunków środowiskowych. Podkreśla to dynamiczną interakcję między genetyką a środowiskiem. Na przykład wdrażanie wzbogaconych programów edukacyjnych może zwiększyć zdolności poznawcze, wskazując, że modyfikacje środowiskowe mogą wpływać na cechy z silnymi podstawami genetycznymi.


 Historyczne zmiany cech, takich jak wzrost fizyczny, również pokazują tę koncepcję. Średni wzrost w różnych populacjach wzrósł w ciągu ostatniego stulecia głównie z powodu udoskonalenia odżywiania i opieki zdrowotnej, a nie zmian genetycznych w tych populacjach. Ten wzrost, zaobserwowany jako 8,89-centymetrowy przyrost średniego wzrostu od 1896 do lat 90., podkreśla znaczący wpływ ulepszeń środowiskowych na cechę o znaczących determinantach genetycznych.


 Dodatkowo, badania z udziałem osób o podobnym podłożu genetycznym, ale wychowywanych w środowiskach od minimalnie do bardzo wspierających, ukazują znaczną zmienność cech. Badania te podkreślają, że genetyka zapewnia ramy, ale czynniki środowiskowe znacząco kształtują cechy fizyczne i behawioralne jednostek. Zrozumienie wzajemnego oddziaływania genetyki i środowiska jest kluczowe dla zrozumienia dziedziczności i jej roli w rozwoju cech w populacjach.

Dziedziczność

Odziedziczalność mierzy wpływ genetyczny na cechy lub cechy fizyczne, takie jak wzrost lub kolor oczu.
Odziedziczalność może się różnić w zależności od ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Wstęp do psychologii

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Biopsychology

Biopsychologia

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KLUCZOWE TERMINY I POJĘCIA

heritability and the environment

Heritability describes how genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population. It is a statistical measure, so it shows how much of the spread in a trait can be linked to genes across a group. It does not tell you how “genetic” a trait is in an individual person.

Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage. That percentage can change depending on which population is studied and what environmental conditions are present. This means heritability is context-dependent, not fixed for every group or setting.

When people in a population live in very similar environments, genetic differences may explain more of the variation in a trait. In that case, the heritability estimate can be higher. Height is one example often used to show this pattern.

When a population has wider environmental differences, the same trait may show lower heritability. Environmental factors then play a larger role in the variation that is seen. A high heritability estimate still does not mean the trait is untouched by the environment.

Traits with strong heritable components can still change when the environment changes. IQ is one example, because enriched educational programs can improve cognitive ability. The transcript also notes that average height has increased over the last century mostly because of better nutrition and healthcare, not because of genetic change.

The rise in average height was about 3.5 inches from 1896 to the 1990s. Studies of people with similar genetic backgrounds also show large differences when they grow up in environments that range from minimal to highly supportive. These examples show that genes set a framework, but the environment helps shape the final trait.

Heritability and the Environment

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

nervous system

Nervous System: CNS, PNS, and Reflexes

The nervous system helps the body sense, move, and respond. It works through a network of nerve cells that carry signals around the body. This system has two main parts: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. The central nervous system, or CNS, includes the brain and spinal cord. The brain acts as the body’s control center. It processes sensory information and helps coordinate responses. The spinal cord serves as a major pathway for signals between the brain and the rest...

neurons as communicators of the brain

Neuron Parts and Signal Transmission

Neurons are the cells that carry information through the brain and nervous system. They use electrical and chemical signals to help control body functions, from heartbeat regulation to complex thinking. Their structure is built for fast, efficient communication. The cell body, or soma, is the neuron’s control center. It contains the nucleus, which holds the cell’s genetic material and helps maintain the neuron’s health and function. The cytoplasm around it contains organelles that make...

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Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers that help neurons communicate. They play a major role in nervous system function, as well as in mood, movement, sleep, and social behavior. Serotonin is made in the brain and intestines. It is linked to well-being and happiness, and it helps regulate mood, appetite, and sleep. When serotonin levels are out of balance in the brain or in peripheral sites, depression and sleep problems can occur. Dopamine is produced in several brain areas, including the...

cerebral hemispheres

How the Brain’s Two Halves Work

The brain’s two cerebral hemispheres work together to process information and control the body. The left and right hemispheres are linked by the corpus callosum, a large bundle of nerve fibers. This connection lets the two sides share sensory and motor information, with each hemisphere controlling the opposite side of the body. The hemispheres are also specialized for different tasks. This is called lateralization, which means certain functions are handled more strongly by one side than the...

lobes of the cerebrum

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spinal cord

Spinal Cord Nerves and Reflexes

The spinal cord is a major part of the central nervous system. It runs from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It helps keep the body stable and carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord sits inside the bony spine for protection. It is divided into 30 segments that match the vertebrae. Each segment connects to a specific body region through paired spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are grouped by where they leave the...

lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

Brain hemisphere specialization divides mental tasks between the left and right sides of the brain. This split can improve neural efficiency and support more complex human abilities. Each hemisphere tends to handle the work it does best, which helps cognitive processing run more smoothly. The left hemisphere is especially strong in logic and language-related tasks. It supports analytical thinking, which means breaking a problem into parts and solving it step by step. This is important for...

human genetics

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organization of the brain

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evolutionary psychology

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neuroplasticity

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somatosensory, motor, and association cortex

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Brain Cortex Areas for Sensation and Movement

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Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

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gene-environment interactions

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heritability

Heritability describes how genetic differences contribute to trait variation in a population. It is a statistical measure, so it shows how much of the spread in a trait can be linked to genes across a group. It does not tell you how “genetic” a trait is in an individual person. Heritability is usually expressed as a percentage. That percentage can change depending on which population is studied and what environmental conditions are present. This means heritability is context-dependent, not...

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key terms and concepts

Learn how heritability measures genetic differences in a population, why it changes with environment, and how nutrition, education, and healthcare affect traits.

Heritability and the Environment | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.6

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Natural Selection and Evolution

HS-LS4-3.

What is Population Genetics?

A population is composed of members of the same species that simultaneously live and interact in the same area. When individuals in a population breed, ...

Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the ...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

In a population that is not at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the frequency of alleles changes over time. Therefore, any deviations from the five conditions ...

Genetic Variation

Genetic variation stems from differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which are essential for species adaptation and evolution.
Genetic variations ...

Heritability measures the genetic influence on traits or physical characteristics such as height or eye color.
Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural selection drives evolution by supporting organisms that are best adapted to their environments, enhancing their survival and reproduction rates.
...

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection suggests that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the variation that occurs through meiosis and calculate the distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the ...

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the ...

The DNA Helix

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations ...

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns&mdash;non-coding regions of a gene&mdash;or intergenic regions&mdash;stretches of DNA ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two ...

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA&nbsp;directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene ...

The Central Dogma

Overview

The central dogma of biology states that information encoded in the DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs the synthesis ...

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of ...

Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

HS+B.L3U1.11

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

evolutionary-relationships-through-genome-comparisons

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is ...

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was ...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of ...

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new ...

Analyze and interpret data on how mutations can lead to increased genetic variation in a population.

HS+B.L3U1.12

Heritability and the Environment

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