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Illness is a deviation from normal health—physical or mental—based on individual perception, and may not relate to disease. Disease is a specific medical condition. Illness encompasses the broader experience of compromised functioning across physical, emotional, intellectual, social, or spiritual dimensions, while disease refers to a diagnosed pathological process.

Modifiable risk factors are behaviors or conditions individuals can change, such as smoking, poor nutrition, or lack of physical activity. Non-modifiable risk factors cannot be changed, including age, genetics, and family history. Repeated exposure to modifiable factors like smoking can lead to non-modifiable conditions such as lung cancer.

Behavioral risk factors relate to actions individuals take and can be modified through lifestyle changes. Examples include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, poor nutrition, and lack of physical activity. These behaviors directly increase the possibility of developing various health problems and chronic diseases.

Genetic risk factors determine susceptibility to illnesses like cystic fibrosis and diabetes, either solely through genetic makeup or through interaction with environmental factors. Physiological risk factors, such as obesity, high blood cholesterol, and high blood pressure, are influenced by genetics, lifestyle, and other factors, increasing disease risk.

Environmental risk factors are external and include physical, chemical, biological, or occupational exposures impacting health. Examples include exposure to pollutants like heavy metals and asbestos fibers, as well as hazardous materials in working environments. These exposures can lead to illness and disease development.

Illness creates stress that harms individuals and triggers emotional and behavioral changes. Common responses include irritation, anger, denial, hopelessness, and fear. These reactions reflect how illness compromises a person's overall well-being and functioning across multiple dimensions of health and functioning.

Demographic risk factors relate to population characteristics such as age, gender, and population subgroups. Age is particularly significant, with increased illness risk in school-age children and older adults. These factors help identify vulnerable populations and inform targeted levels of health promotion and illness prevention strategies.