Tilt Series
Tilt Series - Related Videos
02:32
Generation of Tilted Amygdala Slices from a Mouse Brain
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2025
The video demonstrates the generation of tilted amygdala slices from a mouse brain. The brain is positioned at an angle on the vibratome specimen stage to obtain slices containing the amygdala and axons from the medial prefrontal cortex that form synaptic connections with the amygdala. The brain slices are maintained at the physiological temperature to preserve the tissue for further experiments.
03:53
Balmer Series - Concepts
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2020
The Bohr Model Niels Bohr proposed a model for the hydrogen atom in 1913 that described discrete energy states are associated with a fixed electron orbit around the nucleus. Importantly, an atom cannot discharge energy while its electrons are in stationary states. An electron can only emit energy by changing energy states. To change energy states, an electron must move from one orbit to another by either absorbing or emitting energy. This change can only occur if the absorbed or emitted energy...
03:57
Balmer Series - Student Protocol
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2020
Source: Smaa Koraym at Johns Hopkins University, MD, USA Spectral Emission Lines of Hydrogen, Helium, and NeonExpand In this experiment, you will use a spectrophotometer to measure the distinct wavelengths of light emitted in the UV and visible range by electron relaxation in hydrogen, helium, and neon. Before starting the lab, make a table in your lab notebook for the elements that you will analyze, the color of the light that you observe from the lamps, and the recorded wavelengths. Table...
11:34
Series and Parallel Resistors
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2023
Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN This experiment demonstrates how current is distributed in resistors connected in series or parallel, and thus describes how to calculate the total "effective" resistance. Using Ohm's law, it possible to convert between the voltage and current through a resistance, if the resistance is known. For two resistors connected in series, (meaning that they are wired one after the...
01:10
Resistors In Series
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2023
A resistor is an ohmic device that limits the flow of charge in a circuit. Most circuits have more than one resistor. If several resistors are connected together and connected to a battery, the current supplied by the battery depends on the equivalent resistance of the circuit. The equivalent resistance of a combination of resistors depends on both their individual values and how they are connected. The simplest combination of resistors is the series combination. In a series circuit, the...
FAQs
Each image records how the same specimen appears from a particular orientation. Comparing projections acquired across multiple tilt angles supplies complementary views of structures that overlap in a single two-dimensional image. Combining these views helps distinguish the relative positions of membranes, cellular compartments, and macromolecular assemblies, producing a more interpretable representation of their three-dimensional organization.
Alignment places the images into a consistent spatial relationship before computational reconstruction. Because every frame represents the same specimen at a different angle, positional inconsistencies would interfere with combining the projections. Proper alignment allows the reconstruction process to preserve the specimen’s structural relationships, improving interpretation of how biological components are arranged relative to one another.
Tomographic reconstruction converts the information distributed across multiple projections into a three-dimensional view of the specimen. This reveals spatial relationships that may remain ambiguous in individual two-dimensional images, such as whether membranes or macromolecular assemblies lie in front of, behind, or alongside one another. The resulting context supports more detailed ultrastructural interpretation.
In biological electron tomography, tilt-series imaging can support analysis of cellular compartments, membranes, macromolecular assemblies, cells, and tissues. Its value lies in showing how these structures are organized in space rather than only how they appear in one projection. Researchers can therefore examine ultrastructure at a level that connects molecular organization with broader cellular architecture.
The workflow begins by placing the specimen in an electron microscope and incrementally changing its tilt angle. An image is recorded at each selected orientation, creating a series of projections from the same specimen. The images are then aligned and computationally combined through tomographic reconstruction, yielding a three-dimensional representation for biological interpretation.
This approach is especially useful when a two-dimensional image does not adequately show the spatial arrangement of cellular structures. Researchers can apply it to cells and tissues when they need ultrastructural information about compartments, membranes, or macromolecular assemblies. The reconstructed context helps relate observed organization to biological function and to changes associated with disease.
A reconstructed volume can show the spatial organization and relative arrangement of structures within the specimen. Depending on the biological sample, this may include relationships among membranes, cellular compartments, and macromolecular assemblies. Such information helps researchers move from recognizing structures in images to evaluating how their organization may support cellular function or reflect disease-related changes.
By preserving three-dimensional relationships within cells and tissues, the method provides structural context for interpreting biological organization. Researchers can examine where compartments, membranes, and macromolecular assemblies occur relative to one another, then use that organization to study its connection with function. Comparisons involving disease-related changes can also reveal how altered ultrastructure relates to biology.