Virus Infection Protocol
Virus Infection Protocol - Related Videos
12:00
Vaccinia Virus Infection & Temporal Analysis of Virus Gene Expression: Part 1
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Cited by 2 •
2009
Protocol for Vaccinia infection of HeLa cells and analysis of host and viral gene expression. Part 1 of 3.
15:25
Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination
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Cited by 35 •
2007
Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for the dengue virus, it must be evaluated for it's role in preventing viral infections within the mosquito. This protocol illustrates how the extent of dengue infections of mosquitoes can be assayed. The techniques for growing up the virus in culture, membrane feeding mosquitoes human blood, and assaying viral titers in the mosquito midgut are demonstrated.
10:44
Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection
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Cited by 38 •
2017
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens. To understand the pathogenicity of IAVs and to perform preclinical testing of novel vaccine approaches, animal models mimicking human physiology are required. Here, we describe techniques to evaluate IAV pathogenesis, humoral responses and vaccine efficacy using a mouse model of infection.
12:08
Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
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Cited by 22 •
2011
Oncolytic viruses are promising for cancer therapeutics. The ability to ascertain the infectability of live tissue specimens obtained from patients prior to treatment is a unique advantage of this therapeutic approach. This protocol describes how to process tissues for ex vivo infection with oncolytic virus and subsequent viral quantification.
02:34
Intranasal Infection of a Mouse with a Pathogenic Influenza Virus
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2026
Source: Wang, M., et al, Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. J. Vis. Exp. (2020).This video demonstrates intranasal infection of a mouse with a pathogenic influenza virus to establish a respiratory tract infection. The procedure outlines the administration of the virus into the nasal cavity. The virus enters host cells, replicates, and activates the immune system.
FAQs
Viral dose determines the amount of virus available to interact with cells, while susceptibility reflects how readily those cells support infection. Together, these variables influence the extent of infection and the strength of measurable effects. Controlling both is especially important when comparing viral tropism, which describes the preference of a virus for particular cell types or biological samples.
Cellular receptors provide the interaction sites that allow virions to attach to susceptible cells. This attachment is followed by entry, after which the virus may replicate and generate measurable effects. Because receptor availability contributes to whether cells can be infected, receptor-dependent attachment helps explain differences in susceptibility and provides a mechanistic basis for studying host-pathogen interactions.
Exposure time determines how long virions can interact with the sample, whereas incubation conditions support the subsequent stages of infection. Changes in either factor can alter the observed extent of viral replication or cellular effects. Consistent timing and incubation conditions therefore make results easier to interpret and help distinguish biological differences from variation introduced by the experimental setup.
The infection conditions influence which viral and cellular events become detectable. Following viral entry and replication, cells may show innate immune signaling, while later observations can support analysis of adaptive immune responses. Maintaining consistent dose, exposure, susceptibility, and incubation parameters helps researchers relate immune measurements to infection rather than to uncontrolled differences between samples.
A typical workflow establishes the biological sample, applies a controlled viral dose, permits exposure for a defined period, and maintains the sample under selected incubation conditions. Researchers then measure outcomes such as viral replication, cytopathic effects, or immune signaling. Keeping these stages consistent supports reproducibility and allows experiments to compare treatments, samples, or infection conditions.
Standardized infection conditions support studies of viral tropism, replication, cytopathic effects, and host-pathogen interaction. They also provide a controlled basis for evaluating antiviral treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic assays. In immunology and infection research, the resulting measurements can connect viral behavior with innate or adaptive immune responses and help investigators compare outcomes across experimental systems.