Set Union

Set union is a fundamental operation in mathematics that combines all distinct elements from two or more sets into a single set. Written A ∪ B, it includes an element if that element belongs to A, to B, or to both, with repeated elements listed only once because sets contain unique members. Union can be represented using Venn diagrams, described through set-builder notation, and extended to collections of many sets. It supports reasoning about combined possibilities in discrete mathematics, probability, logic, database queries, and computer science, where it helps organize, compare, and aggregate information from multiple groups.

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Research

JoVE Journal - Biology

RNA In situ Hybridization in Whole Mount Embryos and Cell Histology Adapted for Marine Elasmobranchs

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Cited by 1 •

2013

By combining methods for RNA whole mount in situ hybridization and histology, gene expression can be linked with cell fate decisions in the developing embryo. These methods have been adapted to marine elasmobranchs and facilitate the use of these animals as model organisms for biomedical, toxicology and comparative studies.

Sampling, Sorting, and Characterizing Microplastics in Aquatic Environments with High Suspended Sediment Loads and Large Floating Debris

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Cited by 5 •

2018

Most microplastic research to date has occurred in marine systems where suspended solid levels are relatively low. Focus is now shifting to freshwater systems, which may feature high sediment loads and floating debris. This protocol addresses collecting and analyzing microplastic samples from aquatic environments that contain high suspended solid loads.

Rapid Collection of Floral Fragrance Volatiles using a Headspace Volatile Collection Technique for GC-MS Thermal Desorption Sampling

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Cited by 1 •

2019

Here, we present a protocol for collecting the floral fragrance volatiles from blooming flowers, using a non-destructive sampling procedure.

Fast Enzymatic Processing of Proteins for MS Detection with a Flow-through Microreactor

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Cited by 1 •

2016

A quick protocol for proteolytic digestion with an in-house built flow-through tryptic microreactor coupled to an electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometer is presented. The fabrication of the microreactor, the experimental setup and the data acquisition process are described.

Research

JoVE Journal - Medicine
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Establishment of a Segmental Femoral Critical-size Defect Model in Mice Stabilized by Plate Osteosynthesis

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Cited by 13 •

2016

Although mouse models are invaluable tools for bone tissue engineering, models of long bone defects are sparse. This need motivated development of the present protocol which uses a locking plate with four screws and a dedicated jig to perform and stabilize a reproducible, femoral, critical-size defect with low morbidity.

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