Name: how the brain rewires itself
Uploaded: 2024-10-24T14:03:06.000Z
Duration: 1 min 1 s
Channel: JoVE

A neuroplasticidade é uma característica inerente do sistema nervoso para se reorganizar, criando novas conexões neurais em resposta a fatores ou estímulos, como aprendizado, experiência ou lesão.
As mudanças na rede neural ocorrem por meio de quatro processos distintos.
O crescimento de dendritos e axônios aumenta a complexidade estrutural do cérebro.
A sinaptogênese promove novas conexões sinápticas, melhorando as vias de comunicação entre os neurônios.
A poda elimina o excesso de neurônios e conexões, otimizando as redes neurais para eficiência.
Por fim, a mielinização aumenta a transmissão do sinal, o que é crucial para atividades cerebrais rápidas e eficientes.
Aprender novas habilidades, como treinamento musical, expande a rede do cérebro por meio de conexões sinápticas adicionais e fortalece as existentes.

neuroplasticidade

A neuroplasticidade reflete a notável capacidade do cérebro de se adaptar e evoluir, respondendo dinamicamente ao aprendizado, experiências ou lesões, reorganizando sua rede neural. Essa reorganização envolve a criação de novas conexões neurais e o refinamento das antigas por meio de uma série de processos biológicos que contribuem para o desenvolvimento e a adaptabilidade do cérebro ao longo da vida.

<ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;">
 <li>A capacidade do cérebro de mudar começa com o crescimento de dendritos e axônios, o que efetivamente aumenta a complexidade estrutural de sua rede.</li>
 <li>Esse crescimento facilita a expansão da rede neural, permitindo maior conectividade e potencial poder de processamento.</li>
 <li>Em seguida, ocorre a sinaptogênese, estabelecendo novas conexões sinápticas que aprimoram as vias de comunicação entre os neurônios.</li>
 <li>Essas conexões são vitais para a transmissão de sinais elétricos e químicos pelo cérebro, resultando em funções e capacidades de aprendizado aprimoradas.</li>
</ul>

À medida que o cérebro se desenvolve e se adapta, nem todas as conexões neurais permanecem úteis ou necessárias. É aqui que o processo de poda entra em jogo.

<ul style="padding-left: 35px; list-style-type: disc;">
 <li>A poda é como um jardineiro aparando os galhos excedentes de uma árvore para ajudá-la a crescer melhor. No cérebro, ela elimina o excesso de neurônios e suas conexões.</li>
 <li>Essa otimização ajuda a otimizar as vias neurais, garantindo que as conexões mais eficientes e essenciais prevaleçam.</li>
 <li>A poda é crucial para manter a clareza e a eficiência cognitivas à medida que o cérebro evolui.</li>
 <li>Outro processo significativo é a mielinização, onde as bainhas de mielina se formam ao redor dos axônios dos neurônios.</li>
 <li>A mielinização aumenta significativamente a velocidade e a eficiência da transmissão de sinais elétricos entre as células cerebrais, facilitando reflexos mais rápidos e habilidades de processamento aprimoradas.</li>
</ul>

O impacto do aprendizado de novas habilidades, como treinamento musical, ilustra os aspectos práticos da neuroplasticidade. Por exemplo, quando uma pessoa aprende a tocar um instrumento musical, seu cérebro forma conexões sinápticas adicionais e fortalece as existentes. Esse aprimoramento na rede neural melhora a eficácia das atividades dos neurotransmissores e das respostas neurais gerais, demonstrando a capacidade do cérebro de adaptar sua função de acordo com novos desafios ou habilidades.

Em casos de lesão ou doença, a capacidade do cérebro para neuroplasticidade se manifesta como um mecanismo adaptativo crucial. Por exemplo, em indivíduos cegos, o cérebro compensa realocando áreas visuais para processar informações táteis e auditivas, como leitura em Braille ou audição aguçada. Essa adaptabilidade ressalta a engenhosa capacidade do cérebro de redirecionar seus recursos e otimizar o funcionamento em resposta à perda sensorial, demonstrando sua resiliência e flexibilidade intrínsecas.

Neuroplasticidade

A neuroplasticidade é uma característica inerente do sistema nervoso para se reorganizar criando novas conexões neurais em resposta a fatores ou ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Introdução à Psicologia

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Biopsychology

Biopsicologia

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS E CONCEITOS-CHAVE

Neuroplasticity

how the brain rewires itself

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to learning, experience, or injury. It allows neural circuits to reorganize over time. This flexibility supports lifelong development and adaptation.

One part of this change begins when dendrites and axons grow. Dendrites receive signals, and axons send them. As they grow, the brain’s circuitry becomes more complex and can support more connections.

Next, synaptogenesis occurs. Synaptogenesis is the formation of new synapses, or communication points, between neurons. These new links help electrical and chemical signals move through the brain and can improve learning and overall function.

The brain also uses pruning to remove connections it does not need. Pruning works like trimming a tree to help it grow better. By eliminating extra neurons and connections, the brain keeps the most efficient pathways and maintains clearer, faster processing.

Myelination is another key process. During myelination, myelin sheaths form around axons. Myelin helps electrical signals travel faster and more efficiently, which can support quicker reflexes and stronger processing ability.

Learning a new skill shows neuroplasticity in action. For example, musical training can lead the brain to form more synaptic connections and strengthen existing ones. This change improves neural responses and shows how the brain adapts to new challenges.

Neuroplasticity is also important after injury or illness. In people who are blind, the brain can shift visual areas to process touch and sound instead. This can help with tasks such as reading Braille and can even support heightened hearing.

How the Brain Rewires Itself

introduction to biological bases of psychology

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Biological Factors Shaping Behavior and Mind

Biopsychology connects biology and psychology by showing how the body influences behavior and mental processes. It focuses on the nervous system, neurotransmitters, hormones, genetics, and evolutionary ideas. Together, these areas help explain why people think, feel, and act the way they do. The nervous system is the main foundation of biopsychology. It has two parts: the central nervous system, or CNS, and the peripheral nervous system, or PNS. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord and...

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cerebral hemispheres

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spinal cord

Spinal Cord Nerves and Reflexes

The spinal cord is a major part of the central nervous system. It runs from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It helps keep the body stable and carries signals between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord sits inside the bony spine for protection. It is divided into 30 segments that match the vertebrae. Each segment connects to a specific body region through paired spinal nerves. These spinal nerves are grouped by where they leave the...

lateralization

Brain Hemisphere Specialization

Brain hemisphere specialization divides mental tasks between the left and right sides of the brain. This split can improve neural efficiency and support more complex human abilities. Each hemisphere tends to handle the work it does best, which helps cognitive processing run more smoothly. The left hemisphere is especially strong in logic and language-related tasks. It supports analytical thinking, which means breaking a problem into parts and solving it step by step. This is important for...

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evolutionary psychology

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neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity is the brain’s ability to change its structure and function in response to learning, experience, or injury. It allows neural circuits to reorganize over time. This flexibility supports lifelong development and adaptation. One part of this change begins when dendrites and axons grow. Dendrites receive signals, and axons send them. As they grow, the brain’s circuitry becomes more complex and can support more connections. Next, synaptogenesis occurs. Synaptogenesis is the...

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Hormones are chemical messengers made by endocrine glands. They help control body functions and keep internal conditions stable. When hormone levels shift too far up or down, normal body processes can be disrupted. Several major hormones have clear roles in the body. Oxytocin is made in the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary gland. It supports social bonding, childbirth, and lactation. Low oxytocin can affect social interaction and stress response, and it may contribute to depression.

inheritance

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heritability

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Adaptation in Changing Environments

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How Selection Shapes Mate Choice

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Social Learning vs. Evolutionary Psychology

Social learning theory and evolutionary psychology offer two different ways to explain sexual behavior. A study in which strangers gave students compliments and then asked for casual sex showed a clear gender gap. None of the women said yes, while 70% of the men agreed. Evolutionary psychology explains this result by arguing that natural selection may have shaped women to be more selective about sexual partners. From this view, selectivity can help improve survival and reproductive success. It...

key terms and concepts

Explore how neuroplasticity changes brain circuits through growth, synapses, pruning, and myelination, with examples from learning and sensory loss.

How the Brain Rewires Itself | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

How the Brain Rewires Itself

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