Name: how alleles shape inherited traits
Uploaded: 2024-08-29T22:13:37.000Z
Duration: 1 min 25 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Life Science

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.10

Genetic Variation

A variação genética decorre de diferenças nas sequências de DNA entre os indivíduos, que são essenciais para a adaptação e evolução das espécies.
As variações genéticas se originam quando os ovários produzem óvulos e os testículos produzem espermatozóides por meio de um processo chamado meiose.
Os ovários liberam óvulos que podem potencialmente fertilizar com espermatozóides à medida que viajam pelas trompas de Falópio até o útero.
Cada óvulo e espermatozóide contribui com 23 cromossomos, que são sequências de DNA que codificam genes.
Os alelos são as diferentes versões desses genes que influenciam características específicas. Por exemplo, o gene que determina a cor dos olhos tem vários alelos, como os dos olhos azuis ou castanhos.
A fertilização resulta em um zigoto com 46 cromossomos, combinando material genético de ambos os pais.
Indivíduos com dois alelos idênticos para um gene são chamados de homozigotos, enquanto aqueles com dois alelos diferentes são heterozigotos.
Por exemplo, indivíduos com dois alelos mutados de um gene da globina desenvolvem um distúrbio genético chamado anemia falciforme, enquanto indivíduos heterozigotos que carregam um alelo saudável e um alelo mutado não apresentam sintomas graves da doença.

variação genética

A variação genética é a diversidade nas sequências de DNA encontradas entre indivíduos da mesma espécie. Essa diversidade é crucial para a sobrevivência de uma espécie porque ajuda os organismos a se adaptarem às mudanças ambientais. A variação genética começa com a fertilização, quando um óvulo e um espermatozoide se fundem. Cada uma dessas células carrega 23 cromossomos, sendo 46 no óvulo fertilizado. Os cromossomos são longas cadeias de DNA que contêm genes, as unidades básicas da hereditariedade.


 Os genes existem em diferentes versões chamadas alelos, que podem influenciar várias características, como a cor do cabelo e dos olhos, ou até mesmo o risco de certas doenças. A mistura específica de alelos herdada de ambos os pais cria um conjunto único de instruções genéticas, que moldam a aparência física e as características de saúde da prole, denominado fenótipo.


 O genótipo é a composição genética específica de um indivíduo, determinada pelos alelos recebidos de ambos os pais. Essa combinação genética afeta como as características são expressas. Por exemplo, a cor dos olhos é influenciada pelos alelos para a cor dos olhos que cada pai contribui. Se ambos os pais fornecerem um alelo recessivo para olhos azuis, seu filho provavelmente terá olhos azuis. Por outro lado, se um alelo for para olhos castanhos e o outro para olhos azuis, o alelo castanho dominante geralmente prevalece, resultando em olhos castanhos para a criança.


 Os termos homozigoto e heterozigoto descrevem se os dois alelos para um gene específico são iguais ou diferentes. Ser homozigoto significa que ambos os alelos são idênticos, enquanto heterozigoto significa que eles são diferentes. Essa distinção pode impactar significativamente a saúde de um indivíduo. Por exemplo, anemia falciforme é uma condição em que indivíduos com dois alelos recessivos para o gene da hemoglobina têm a doença. No entanto, aqueles que são heterozigotos, carregando um alelo normal e um alelo falciforme, não apresentam sintomas da doença, mas têm uma vantagem protetora contra a malária, o que é benéfico em áreas onde a malária é comum.

Variação Genética

A variação genética decorre de diferenças nas sequências de DNA entre os indivíduos, que são essenciais para a adaptação e evolução das espécies.
Variações genéticas ...

Education

JoVE Core

Introduction to Psychology

Introdução à Psicologia

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Biopsychology

Biopsicologia

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS E CONCEITOS-CHAVE

how alleles shape inherited traits

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes.

Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity.

Genes can appear in different versions called alleles. These alleles can affect traits such as hair and eye color. They can also influence the risk of certain diseases. The combination of alleles inherited from both parents creates a unique set of genetic instructions. These instructions shape an offspring’s physical appearance and health traits, which are called the phenotype.

An individual’s genotype is the specific genetic makeup they inherit from both parents. Genotype affects how traits are expressed. For example, eye color depends on the alleles each parent contributes. If both parents pass on a recessive allele for blue eyes, the child is likely to have blue eyes. If one allele is for brown eyes and the other is for blue eyes, the dominant brown allele usually leads to brown eyes.

The terms homozygous and heterozygous describe whether the two alleles for a gene are the same or different. Homozygous means both alleles are identical. Heterozygous means the alleles are different. This difference can affect health. People with two recessive alleles for the hemoglobin gene can have sickle cell anemia. People with one normal allele and one sickle cell allele do not show symptoms, but they have a protective advantage against malaria. This advantage is helpful in areas where malaria is common.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

introduction to biological bases of psychology

introduction-to-biological-bases-of-psychology

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lateralization

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genetic variation

Genetic variation helps explain why individuals in the same species can look and act differently. It comes from differences in DNA sequences. This diversity matters because it helps a species survive and adapt when the environment changes. Variation starts at fertilization, when an egg and sperm cell join. Each of these cells carries 23 chromosomes, so the fertilized egg can have up to 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are long DNA strands that contain genes, which are the basic units of heredity. <br...

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somatosensory-motor-and-association-cortex

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inheritance

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heritability

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key terms and concepts

Learn how alleles, genotype, and phenotype work together to shape inherited traits, from eye color to sickle cell anemia and malaria protection.

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Introduction to Psychology offers an engaging learning experience on the fundamental principles of psychology through concise video lessons. Students will explore important topics such as cognitive processes, emotional regulation, and neural mechanisms, establishing a strong foundation in the study of the mind and human behavior. This series provides an accessible and captivating approach to grasp the essential concepts of the discipline.

introduction to psychology

Next Generation Science Standards

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-2

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.15

SC.912.L.15.15

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.17

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

HS-LS3-1.

What is Population Genetics?

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Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Diploid organisms have two alleles of each gene, one from each parent, in their somatic cells. Therefore, each individual contributes two alleles to the ...

Mutation, Gene Flow, and Genetic Drift

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Genetic variation stems from differences in DNA sequences among individuals, which are essential for species adaptation and evolution.
Genetic variations ...

Heritability

Heritability measures the genetic influence on traits or physical characteristics such as height or eye color.
Heritability can vary depending on the ...

Natural Selection and Adaptation

Natural selection drives evolution by supporting organisms that are best adapted to their environments, enhancing their survival and reproduction rates.
...

Natural Selection and Mating Preferences

The principle of natural selection suggests that organisms better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Evolutionary ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain the variation that occurs through meiosis and calculate the distribution of expressed traits in a population.

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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The DNA Helix

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

RNA Structure

Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

RNA Stability

Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations ...

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns&mdash;non-coding regions of a gene&mdash;or intergenic regions&mdash;stretches of DNA ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two ...

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA&nbsp;directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene ...

The Central Dogma

Overview

The central dogma of biology states that information encoded in the DNA is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA), which then directs the synthesis ...

Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of ...

Construct an explanation for how the structure of DNA and RNA determine the structure of proteins that perform essential life functions.

HS+B.L3U1.11

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is ...

Genome Copying Errors

DNA replication is a well-evolved process that copies millions of base pairs with high fidelity during each cell division. Occasionally a wrong base or a ...

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was ...

Gene Duplication and Divergence

The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of ...

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new ...

Analyze and interpret data on how mutations can lead to increased genetic variation in a population.

HS+B.L3U1.12

How Alleles Shape Inherited Traits

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