Chapter 2
Chemical Equilibria
![Ionic Strength: Overview](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14523.jpg)
The ionic strength of a solution is a quantitative way of expressing the total electrolyte concentration of a solution. This concept was first…
![Ionic Strength: Effects on Chemical Equilibria](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14524.jpg)
The addition of an inert ionic compound increases the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt. For example, adding potassium nitrate to a saturated…
![Thermodynamics: Activity Coefficient](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14526.jpg)
Activity is the measure of the effective concentration of the species in solution. It can be expressed as the product of the molar concentration of…
![Chemical Equilibria: Redefining Equilibrium Constant](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14527.jpg)
The effect of an inert salt on the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt is known as the salt effect. The degree of the salt effect varies with the…
![Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14529.jpg)
Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble…
![Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14530.jpg)
For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate…
![Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14532.jpg)
Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the…
![Ladder Diagrams: Complexation Equilibria](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14533.jpg)
Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the…
![Solubility Equilibria: Ionic Product of Water](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14535.jpg)
Pure water is a weak electrolyte; only a small amount ionizes into hydrogen and hydroxide ions. At any given temperature, the concentration of…
![Complexation Equilibria: Overview](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14536.jpg)
Complexation reactions take place when dative or coordinate covalent bonds form between metal ions and ligands. The compounds formed in these…
![Complexation Equilibria: Factors Influencing Stability of Complexes](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14745.jpg)
In complexation reactions, metal cations are the electron pair acceptors, and the ligands are the electron pair donors. The stability of the metal…
![Redox Equilibria: Overview](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14538.jpg)
A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather…
![Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/53548_t.png)
The main limitation of NMR-based investigations is low sensitivity. This prompts for long acquisition times, thus preventing real-time NMR…
![Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry of Nanosize Monosodium Titanate](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/53248_t.png)
This paper describes the synthesis and peroxide-modification of nanosize monosodium titanate (nMST), along with an ion-exchange reaction to load the…
![Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I<sub>4</sub>O<sub>9 </sub>and Aluminum Mixtures](https://cloudfront.jove.com/files/thumbs/54661_t.png)
Reaction Kinetics and Combustion Dynamics of I4O9 and Aluminum Mixtures
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Tetraiodine nonoxide (I4O9) has been synthesized using a dry approach that combines elemental oxygen and iodine without the introduction of hydrated…