Name: nanoparticle tracking in organs with sem
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T07:05:14.000Z
Duration: 13 min 29 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS.P1

HS.P1U3.4

biodistribution-of-nano-drug-carriers-applications-of-sem

Biodistribution of Nano-drug Carriers: Applications of SEM

1. Инъекции наночастиц и извлечение органов
<ol>
	<li>Введите наночастицы в мышь, находящуюся под наркозом, внутривенно, чтобы обеспечить пассивное нацеливание. </li>
	<li>В желаемые сроки, т.е. через 1, 4 и 8 недель, после инъекции, гуманно усыпьте мышей в соответствии с рекомендациями Американской ветеринарной медицинской ассоциации (AVMA). </li>
	<li>Вскрыть полость тела и хирургическим путем удалить интересующие органы. Поместите органы в 10% фосфатный формалин в полипропиленовый контейнер до подготовки образца. </li>
</ol>
2. Подготовка образца ткани
<ol>
	<li>Используйте щипцы для переноса ткани мыши из фиксатора в фосфатно-солевой буфер (PBS). Покачивайте образец в течение 30 минут, заменяя PBS каждые 10 минут.</li>
	<li>Снимите салфетку и высушите кимвайпом. Затем поместите его в пластиковую форму, содержащую компаунд с оптимальной температурой резки (OCT). Хранить при температуре -80 °C в течение ночи. </li>
	<li>На следующий день перенесите образец в криостат и установите температуру на -23 °C. </li>
	<li>Наклейте на предметные стекла информацию о типе органа и размере наночастиц и разместите их на полке в криостате. </li>
	<li>Накройте патрон криостата ОКТ и положите сверху образец. Опустите поршень экстрактора над образцом и дайте ему уравновеситься в течение 3-5 минут. </li>
	<li>Установите патрон на держатель образца и сориентируйте его так, чтобы лезвие могло резать прямо по замороженному образцу. Поднесите образец близко к лезвию для шероховатой облицовки. Установите толщину 30 μм и нарежьте несколько секций, пока не получится равномерно нарезанный ломтик. </li>
	<li>Переход к чистовой наплавке путем уменьшения толщины профиля до 7-8 мкм. Соберите нарезанный срез, нажав на предметное стекло с надписью на срез. Поместите два предметных стекла на каждый предметный предмет и храните на решетке для слайдов. Дайте высохнуть при комнатной температуре. </li>
	<li>После высыхания обезвожьте образцы, погрузив штатив на предметное стекло в 50% этанол на 3 минуты, чтобы удалить ОКТ. Затем переведите решетку на 80% этанол на 3 минуты, прежде чем поместить решетку в соотношение холодного метанола и ацетона 1:1 на 10 минут при -20 °C. </li>
	<li>Снимите решетку для слайдов и слейте излишки растворителя на бумажное полотенце. Через 20–30 минут поместите предметные стекла в коробку для слайдов и храните в морозильной камере при температуре -20 °C до визуализации. </li>
</ol>
3. Визуализация высокого разрешения с использованием SEM и EDS
<ol>
	<li>Подготовьте образец, как описано в разделе "SEM Imaging of Biological Samples." Затем загрузите образец в SEM.</li>
	<li>Включите SEM и отрегулируйте рабочее расстояние примерно до 5 мм, а ускоряющее напряжение и ток луча до 25 кэВ, что обычно слишком много для биологического образца. Тем не менее, образец покрывается покрытием для обеспечения проводимости и защиты. </li>
	<li>Начните визуализацию и увеличьте масштаб примерно до 1000-2000-кратного увеличения, чтобы увидеть структуры, которые будут содержать наночастицы. Обратите внимание, что без обнаружения обратного рассеяния (BSD) их невозможно различить ниже определенной глубины. </li>
	<li>Вставьте BSD с теми же параметрами и переместите столик в направлении z на то же рабочее расстояние, что и раньше. </li>
	<li>Начните получать изображения примерно с таким же увеличением и убедитесь, что вы можете видеть высокий контраст в присутствии наночастиц. Сохраните изображения. </li>
	<li>Используйте различные конфигурации BSD (где заряды на детекторе выравниваются), чтобы выбрать ту, которая показывает наибольший контраст для наночастиц. </li>
	<li>Увеличьте высококонтрастную область, показывающую наночастицу или сгусток наночастиц. </li>
	<li>Откройте камеру 2nd камеры камеры и наблюдайте, как вы вставляете EDS в систему, нажимая кнопку вниз на насадке SEM. Когда EDS приблизится, но не коснется BSD или пистолета, отпустите кнопку. </li>
	<li>Откройте программу Aztec на компьютере EDS (все еще на рабочей станции) и получите изображение с помощью SEM. Используйте метод "наведи и снимай", чтобы щелкнуть по области, очень плотной по контрасту и наночастицам. </li>
	<li>EDS покажет спектр характеристических рентгеновских лучей из этой точки. Обратите внимание на пики бария и титана, которые будут определены на графике. Это подтверждает, что то, на что вы смотрите, действительно является наночастицами, а не каким-либо загрязнением. </li>
	<li>Вернитесь к образцу и с помощью программного обеспечения Atlas нанесите на карту границы органа на предметном стекле. Выберите протокол "Organ" для создания мозаичного изображения области и дайте ему запустить (это может занять не более нескольких часов). </li>
	<li>После того, как составное изображение создано и сшито программным обеспечением, экспортируйте его как файл TIF. </li>
	<li>Откройте файл Tif в ImageJ, программном обеспечении с открытым исходным кодом, и отрегулируйте пороговые значения контрастности, чтобы выделить области с очень высоким контрастом (т.е. наночастицы). Используйте встроенные функции для количественной оценки объема наночастиц с использованием размера пикселя, определенного в протоколе Organ (должен быть около 100 нм). </li>
	<li>Хотя эта процедура относится только к образцу легкого мыши за 1 неделю, эта процедура повторяется с образцами из других недель и других органов для составления графика, показывающего распределение. </li>
	<li>После расчета биораспределения для каждого органа за каждую неделю, графики биораспределения покажут изменения в биораспределении и концентрации наночастиц в течение 8 недель. Они показывают пиковую концентрацию, а также предоставляют информацию о том, сколько времени требуется для выведения наночастиц из органа. </li>
</ol>

Наночастицы широко используются в биомедицинских инженерных исследованиях и применяются в качестве визуализирующих, диагностических и терапевтических агентов. Например, разрабатываются наночастицы для использования в доставке вакцин. Инкапсулируя вакцину в наночастицы, компоненты вакцины защищены от деградации и стимулируют максимальный иммунный ответ.
В приложениях магнитно-резонансной томографии наночастицы металлов часто используются в качестве контрастных веществ для визуализации структуры...

Биораспределение наноносителей лекарств: применение СЭМ

Источник: <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Peiman_Shahbeigi-Roodposhti">Пейман Шахбейги-Рудпошти</a> и Сина Шахбазмохамади, факультет биомедицинской инженерии, Университет Коннектикута, Сторрс, Коннектикут
Наночастицы все чаще используются в исследованиях для адресной доставки лекарств и контролируемого их высвобождения. В то время как большинство из этих частиц были разработаны как полимерные или липосомальные частицы из-за их биосовместимости, в современных исследованиях существует тенденция к использованию металлических и магнитных наночастиц. Эти металлические наночастицы первоначально использовались в качестве контрастного вещества в визуализации, но последние достижения показали, насколько они могут быть важны для доставки лекарств и генов, а также в терапии. Золото, серебро и парамагнитные наночастицы имеют наибольшую долю в проводимых исследованиях. Было показано, что они обладают хорошей биосовместимостью, и некоторые разновидности магнитных наночастиц уже разработаны и распространены в качестве терапевтических таргетных препаратов. 
Эти тяжелые элементы обычно визуализируются для исследований с использованием флуоресценции для оценки доставки и распределения, но их атомные веса являются хорошей квалификацией для увеличения контраста при анализе электронов обратного рассеяния с использованием сканирующего электронного микроскопа (СЭМ). Энергодисперсионная рентгеновская спектроскопия, которая использует характерные рентгеновские лучи, испускаемые при взаимодействии электронного пучка с образцом для определения химического состава, также может быть использована с СЭМ. Эти методы имеют преимущества в виде повышенного разрешения и большей уверенности в обнаружении, поскольку EDS может гарантировать, что объект изображения имеет правильную композицию, в то время как современные методы флуоресценции могут отделяться от наночастиц и быстро исчезать во время визуализации. 
В этой демонстрации будет рассмотрено зависящее от размера распределение металлических наночастиц в органах тела с течением времени. Удаленные органы будут исследоваться с помощью СЭМ на наличие частиц различного размера в различные моменты времени после доставки частиц в организм.

Следующие изображения иллюстрируют, как данные о биораспределении могут быть извлечены из изображений. Контраст наночастиц определяется с помощью детектора BSE, как показано на рисунке 1. Данные EDS, представленные на рисунке 2, показывают, где кластеры титана и бария соответствуют областям высокой контрастности на изображениях, полученных с помощью детектора BSE. 
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10472/10472fig1.jpg"> 
Рисунок 1: ...

Source:&#160;Peiman Shahbeigi-Roodposhti and Sina Shahbazmohamadi, Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
...

Education

JoVE Science Education

Engineering

Инженерия

Biomedical Engineering

Биомедицинская инженерия

nanoparticle tracking in organs with sem

Metal and magnetic nanoparticles are used in targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release. In biomedical research, these particles are often compared with polymeric and liposomal carriers because those materials are biocompatible. Current work also focuses on metallic and magnetic nanoparticles, which can be useful for drug and gene delivery and for therapy.

Gold, silver, and paramagnetic nanoparticles are common examples in this field. These materials were first used as contrast agents for imaging. Some magnetic nanoparticles have already been developed and distributed as therapeutic targeted drugs.

Researchers often image these heavy elements with fluorescence to study delivery and distribution. Their high atomic weight also makes them useful for backscatter electron analysis in a scanning electron microscope, or SEM. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, or EDS, can be used with SEM to identify chemical composition from characteristic X-rays.

SEM and EDS offer higher resolution and stronger confidence in detection than fluorescence methods. EDS helps confirm that the image is showing the correct nanoparticle composition. Fluorescent labels can detach from the nanoparticles and can fade quickly during imaging.

This demonstration examines how metal nanoparticle distribution changes in organs over time. Excised organs are analyzed with SEM at different particle sizes and at several time points after delivery to the body.

Nanoparticle Tracking in Organs with SEM

imaging biological samples with optical and confocal microscopy

imaging-biological-samples-with-optical-and-confocal-microscopy

Optical vs. Confocal Microscopy for Brain Samples

Optical and confocal microscopy are used to image biological samples, including a sectioned piece of mouse brain. These methods help scientists compare how sample type, resolution, and depth of focus affect image quality. They are especially useful in biology labs that study larger biological structures. Optical microscopes have been used for centuries, and modern tools such as confocal imaging and digital image processing have expanded what they can do. Even so, the best optical microscopes...

sem imaging of biological samples

SEM Sample Prep for Biological Imaging

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is used to image biological samples after careful preparation. SEM uses an electron beam in a vacuum to nondestructively view conductive materials and surface features. It works like an optical microscope, but it gives much higher magnification and resolution. The difference comes from the beam used to form the image. Optical microscopes are limited by the diffraction of visible light, which has a wavelength of about 500 nm. SEM uses an energized electron...

biodistribution of nano-drug carriers: applications of sem

Metal and magnetic nanoparticles are used in targeted drug delivery and controlled drug release. In biomedical research, these particles are often compared with polymeric and liposomal carriers because those materials are biocompatible. Current work also focuses on metallic and magnetic nanoparticles, which can be useful for drug and gene delivery and for therapy. Gold, silver, and paramagnetic nanoparticles are common examples in this field. These materials were first used as contrast agents...

high-frequency ultrasound imaging of the abdominal aorta

high-frequency-ultrasound-imaging-of-the-abdominal-aorta

Ultrasound Imaging of Small Blood Vessels

High-frequency ultrasound imaging can show the shape and blood flow of small pulsatile arteries and veins. The system used here provides high-resolution images of vessels in mice and rats. It is a practical way to study vessel morphology and hemodynamics, which means vessel structure and blood movement. Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile method for noninvasive vessel assessment. It can be used in humans as well as in large and small animals. Compared with computed...

quantitative strain mapping of an abdominal aortic aneurysm

quantitative-strain-mapping-of-an-abdominal-aortic-aneurysm

3D Strain Analysis of Aortic Vessel Motion

3D strain analysis of aortic vessel motion helps show how an abdominal aortic aneurysm deforms over time. Strain is a measure of relative deformation, and it can be used to describe how soft tissue changes shape under load. Blood vessels, skin, tendons, and other organs are made of elastin and collagen, which give them elasticity and strength. The arrangement of these fibers depends on the soft tissue type. Some tissues have one main fiber direction, while others form more complex mesh-like...

photoacoustic tomography to image blood and lipids in the infrarenal aorta

photoacoustic-tomography-to-image-blood-lipids-infrarenal

Label-Free Imaging of Aortic Blood and Lipids

Photoacoustic tomography (PAT) is a biomedical imaging method that uses light-generated sound waves to study tissue composition. It can detect blood and lipid components in the infrarenal aorta, the lower part of the aorta below the kidneys. This makes PAT useful for cardiovascular research and tumor imaging. PAT addresses several limits of current imaging methods. Many existing techniques can take a long time, cost a lot, use harmful contrast agents, or require more invasive procedures. Some...

cardiac magnetic resonance imaging

Gated MRI of Mouse Heart Motion

Gated MRI of mouse heart motion uses high-field, small-bore magnetic resonance imaging with physiological monitoring. It records cine loops, which are moving image sequences, of the murine cardiovascular system. This approach helps assess left-ventricular function, show vascular networks, and measure organ motion caused by breathing. Several small animal imaging methods can be used for the same type of study. High-frequency ultrasound offers high spatial and temporal resolution, but imaging...

computational fluid dynamics simulations of blood flow in a cerebral aneurysm

computational-fluid-dynamics-simulations-blood-flow-cerebral

Using MRI Data to Model Blood Flow

Computational fluid dynamics, or CFD, can model blood flow from patient- or animal-specific vessels. In this approach, subject-based vessel segmentations are built first. Then open-source and commercial tools are combined to create a high-resolution numerical solution inside a flow model. These simulations help researchers study hemodynamics, which is the way blood moves through vessels. Hemodynamic conditions are linked to the development and progression of atherosclerosis, aneurysms, and...

near-infrared fluorescence imaging of abdominal aortic aneurysms

near-infrared-fluorescence-imaging-of-abdominal-aortic-aneurysms

Fluorescent Probe Imaging for Aortic Aneurysms

Near-infrared fluorescence imaging uses fluorescent probes to visualize biomolecular structures inside tissues. It is a useful optical method for studying disease in living systems. The technique can show specific targets without the limits of some conventional imaging methods. Compared with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET), near-infrared fluorescence imaging is rapid and high-throughput. It also does not use ionizing radiation. These...

noninvasive blood pressure measurement techniques

noninvasive-blood-pressure-measurement-techniques

Portable Blood Pressure Monitoring Methods

Portable blood pressure monitoring uses cuff-based methods to measure systolic and diastolic pressure in humans and rodents. These approaches rely on the same basic hemodynamic principles, or how blood moves and creates pressure in vessels. The page focuses on how current cuff technology works and why it is useful in both clinical and research settings. For humans, commercially available cuffs can connect to mobile devices and are usually small and easy to carry. That makes it possible to take...

acquisition and analysis of an ecg (electrocardiography) signal

acquisition-and-analysis-of-an-ecg-electrocardiography-signal

ECG Lead I Signal Recording and Analysis

An ECG signal records the heart's electrical activity from electrodes placed on the body. It shows heart rhythm and can help reveal cardiac problems such as poor blood flow to the heart and structural abnormalities. The signal comes from action potentials created by contractions of the heart wall. These electrical currents spread through the body and create different electrical potentials at different points on the skin. Electrodes, which are biological transducers made of metals and salts,...

tensile strength of resorbable biomaterials

tensile-strength-of-resorbable-biomaterials

How Resorbable Sutures Change in pH

Resorbable sutures are tested for strength as they break down in different pH conditions. These sutures are designed to hold a wound closed long enough for healing and then gradually disintegrate in the body. The study compares how that strength changes after exposure to neutral, acidic, and alkaline solutions, which represent pH environments found in the human body. Sutures have been used for more than 4000 years as a medical tool. Early records describe linen as an early biomaterial, and...

micro-ct imaging of a mouse spinal cord

X-Ray Imaging for 3D Tissue Scans

X-ray imaging can show the inside of an object without cutting it open. In this high school science topic, micro-CT uses many 2D X-ray projections to build a 3D view of a sample. The result is similar to a medical X-ray, but it gives depth information instead of just a flat image. X-rays have played an important role in science for a long time. Their discovery and accidental use led to the first Nobel Prize in Physics. The famous 1895 image of Dr. Röntgen’s wife’s hand shows the same basic...

visualization of knee joint degeneration after non-invasive acl injury in rats

visualization-knee-joint-degeneration-after-non-invasive-acl-injury

Micro-CT Mapping of ACL Injury Damage in Rats

ACL injury in the knee can lead to post-traumatic osteoarthritis, or PTOA, which is joint damage that develops after an injury. About one-third of people show signs of PTOA on X-rays within the first decade after ACL injury. Although ACL reconstruction restores knee stability, it and current rehabilitation methods do not prevent PTOA. Rat models are widely used to study how ACL injury leads to PTOA. The most common method is ACL transection, where the ligament is cut to destabilize the joint.

combined spect and ct imaging to visualize cardiac functionality

combined-spect-and-ct-imaging-to-visualize-cardiac-functionality

SPECT/CT Imaging for Mouse Disease Tracking

SPECT/CT imaging combines nuclear imaging and X-ray imaging to study mice. It uses a radionuclide, which is a radioactive tracer, that is injected into the animal. After the tracer spreads through the body, the mouse is scanned and the images are reconstructed into a 3D dataset. This method can show anatomy, physiology, and metabolism in one experiment. That makes it useful for improving disease diagnosis and for tracking how a disease changes over time. Because it provides both functional and...

biomedical engineering

This collection describes the central concepts in biomedical engineering with a focus on imaging techniques to visualize and detect medical conditions, methods to quantify biomechanical strain, and computational modeling to simulate blood flow.

See how metal and magnetic nanoparticles are tracked in organs over time with SEM and EDS to study biodistribution, size effects, and composition.

Nanoparticle Tracking in Organs with SEM | JoVE K12

Peiman Shahbeigi-Roodposhti

Sina Shahbazmohamadi

University of Connecticut

Overview

Principles of Nanocarrier Drug Delivery

Nanoparticle Injection and Organ Harvesting

Tissue Sample Preparation

High Resolution Imaging using SEM and EDS

Results

Applications

Summary

Scientific Laws and Theories

Scientific Laws

In science, a law is defined as a concise, verbal or mathematical, statement that summarizes a vast number of experimental observations. ...

The Atomic Theory of Matter

The earliest recorded discussion of the basic structure of matter comes from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus argued that all matter ...

Subatomic Particles

Dalton was only partially correct about the particles that make up matter. All matter is composed of atoms, and atoms are composed of three smaller ...

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

The Periodic Table

As early chemists discovered more elements, they realized that various elements could be grouped by their similar chemical behaviors. One such grouping ...

The Bohr Model

Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution ...

The Aufbau Principle and Hund's Rule

To determine the electron configuration for any particular atom, we can build the structures in the order of atomic numbers. Beginning with hydrogen, and ...

electron-configuration-of-multielectron-atoms

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the ...

Periodic Classification of the Elements

The periodic table arranges atoms based on increasing atomic number so that elements with the same chemical properties recur periodically. When their ...

atomic-radii-and-effective-nuclear-charge

Atomic Radii and Effective Nuclear Charge

The elements in groups of the periodic table exhibit similar chemical behavior. This similarity occurs because the members of a group have the same number ...

Ionization Energy

The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy ...

Electron Affinity

The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).



This process can be either ...

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the ...

Halogens

Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. ...

Noble Gases


The elements in group 18 are noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon). They earned the name &ldquo;noble&rdquo; because they were ...

Develop and use models to explain the relationship of the structure of atoms to patterns and properties observed within the Periodic Table and describe how these models are revised with new evidence.

HS.P1U1.1

Types of Chemical Bonds

Chemical bonding theories were pioneered by American chemist Gilbert&#xA0;N. Lewis. He developed a model called the Lewis model to explain the type and ...

Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

Chemical bonds are complex interactions between two or more atoms or ions, which reduce the potential energy of the molecule. Gilbert N. Lewis developed a ...

Ions and Ionic Charges

In ordinary chemical reactions, the nucleus &mdash; which contains the protons and neutrons of each atom and thus identifies the element &mdash; remains ...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence ...

ionic-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to ...

Covalent Bonding and Lewis Structures

Compared to ionic bonds, which results from the transfer of electrons between metallic and nonmetallic atoms, covalent bonds result from the mutual ...

Electronegativity

Whether a bond is nonpolar or polar covalent is determined by a property of the bonding atoms called electronegativity.&#xA0;

Electronegativity values of ...

lewis-structures-of-molecular-compounds-and-polyatomic-ions

Lewis Structures of Molecular Compounds and Polyatomic Ions

To draw Lewis structures for complicated molecules and molecular ions, it is helpful to follow a step-by-step procedure as outlined:


	Determine the ...

molecular-compounds-formulas-and-nomenclature

Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

Molecular compounds or covalent compounds result when atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds. Since there is no electron transfer, molecular ...

Polar Covalent Bonds

Covalent bonds are formed between two atoms when both have similar tendencies to attract electrons to themselves (i.e., when both atoms have identical or ...

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Dr&#xFC;de called the ...

Develop and use models for the transfer or sharing of electrons to predict the formation of ions, molecules, and compounds in both natural and synthetic processes.

HS.P1U1.2

Reaction Rate

The rate of reaction is the change in the amount of a reactant or product per unit time. Reaction rates are therefore determined by measuring the time ...

Concentration and Rate Law

The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions ...

Temperature Dependence on Reaction Rate

The Collision Theory
Atoms, molecules, or ions must collide before they can react with each other. Atoms must be close together to form chemical bonds. ...

Reaction Mechanisms

Chemical reactions often occur in a stepwise fashion, involving two or more distinct reactions taking place in a sequence. A balanced equation indicates ...

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed ...

Enzymes

Inside living organisms, enzymes act as catalysts for many biochemical reactions involved in cellular metabolism. The role of enzymes is to reduce the ...

determining-rate-laws-and-the-order-of-reaction

Determining Rate Laws and the Order of Reaction

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Neal Abrams &#8212; SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry
All chemical reactions have a specific rate defining the ...

Introduction to Catalysis

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Ryan Richards &#8212; Colorado School of Mines
Catalysis is among the most important fields of modern technology and presently ...

Ask questions, plan, and carry out investigations to explore the cause and effect relationship between reaction rate factors.

HS.P1U1.3

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

Dye-sensitized Solar Cells

Source: Tamara M. Powers, Department of Chemistry, Texas A&#38;M University
Today&#39;s modern world requires the use of a large amount of energy. While ...

Batteries and Fuel Cells

A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to ...

Overview of Biomaterials

Biomaterials are materials engineered to interact favorably with biological organisms or molecules. These materials can be derived from or produced by an ...

Corrosion

The degradation of metals due to natural electrochemical processes is known as corrosion. Rust formation on iron, tarnishing of silver, and the blue-green ...

Polymerization

Source: Vy M. Dong and Jan Riedel, Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA
Polymers are made from macromolecules, which are composed ...

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information about how the use of chemistry related technologies have had positive and negative ethical, social, economic, and/or political implications.

Nanoparticle Tracking in Organs with SEM

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