Name: ultrasound imaging of small blood vessels
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:58:59.000Z
Duration: 14 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Arizona Science Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS.P4

HS.P4U1.10

high-frequency-ultrasound-imaging-of-the-abdominal-aorta

High-frequency Ultrasound Imaging of the Abdominal Aorta

1. Image setup
<ol>
	<li>Turn the ultrasound system on using the switch on the back. Turn the monitor on.</li>
	<li>Plug in the physiological monitoring unit and turn on heart rate and temperature monitoring. Turn on the gel warmer and ensure the light is on.</li>
	<li>Check the isoflurane level in the anesthetic vaporizer and refill if necessary.</li>
	<li>Turn on your O2 tank or filtered air source and adjust the air flow on the vaporizer to approximately 1 L/min.</li>
	<li>Attach the mouse or rat stage, and then plug the VGA cord into that stage. Secure the corresponding nosecone into place, and check that the isoflurane (black) and waste gas (blue) tubes are properly connected to nosecone.</li>
	<li>Choose a transducer to use for your procedure and plug it into the &#8220;active&#8221; port below the imaging system. Run the transducer cable through plastic holders above the probe mount and secure the transducer into the clamp. Note there is a small, raised line on one side of each transducer to determine image orientation.</li>
	<li>Anesthetize the animal according to AVMA guidelines and preparing it for imaging. Add ophthalmic ointment to the eyes, secure the paws to the stage electrodes, and remove the hair in the area of interest using a depilatory cream. Cover the area to be imaged with warmed ultrasonic transducing gel.</li>
</ol>
2. Image Acquisition
<ol>
	<li>On the system, start a new study by selecting New and Study, or find a study you previously started and select New and Series. Once in a new series, select a user off of the menu and name your series appropriately.</li>
	<li>Once your series has been created, select B-mode (brightness mode) from the keyboard. All imaging modality keys are on the bottom row of the black keyboard.</li>
	<li>Roll the transducer down to the desired location making sure to look at the screen to avoid applying too much pressure to the animal. Check the respiratory rate (RR) that appears on the screen as well, because too much pressure may cause the RR to drop.</li>
	<li>While looking at the B-mode image, adjust the placement of the transducer by gently turning the x- and y-axis knobs found on the stage until you find the desired location.</li>
	<li>Once you have the desired location, wait for the white bar at the bottom of the image to fill before pressing Image Label to save the image. When labelling your image, the type of modality will be indicated next to the image label on the study management screen, so you do not need to worry about including this in the image label.</li>
	<li>For M-mode images, select M-mode (motion mode) from the keyboard. Use SV gate to narrow or widen the yellow bars and the cursor to align the bars over the desired location. Once placed correctly, push M-mode again. The placement of the bars may be adjusted while in M-mode.</li>
	<li>For EKV imaging, select B-mode and ensure you are in the proper location. Then select EKV, adjust the settings, and push Scan. The EKV modality averages many B-mode images over several cardiac cycles.</li>
	<li>To use color doppler, select B-mode, check that you are in the proper location, and then select Color. Select Update and move the cursor up, down, left, or right to achieve the desired box size, and select Update to lock it. You may then use the cursor to move the box to the desired location. Turning the Velocity knob up increases the velocity threshold and may decrease background signal.</li>
	<li>To use pulsed wave doppler for measuring blood flow velocity, it is helpful to first be in color Doppler mode before pressing PW. Two yellow, angled lines will appear. The user must align the shorter, dotted line to be parallel to the anterior and posterior vessel walls by adjusting Beam Angle and turning the PW Angle knob. The dotted, yellow line will turn blue if the angle between the two lines is too large. Once this is aligned, press PW, and then adjust the Baseline, Velocity, and Doppler Gain controls to center and brighten the wave forms.</li>
	<li>To use 3D mode, begin in B-mode and align the probe in the center of the structure you wish to image. Use respiratory gating and EKG-trigger for cardiovascular applications. Press 3D and set the desired scan distance and step size. Once the scan is complete, click Load into 3D to visualize your 3D data.</li>
	<li>You may view your acquired images at any time during imaging by pressing Study Management from the top right of the two columns of buttons on the left side.</li>
	<li>When you are finished acquiring images in a series, select Close Series from the study management screen. You may now open a new series within your study, if needed.</li>
</ol>
3. Data transfer and clean-up
<ol>
	<li>To transfer data for analysis, select the studies or individual series you wish to copy from the study management screen.</li>
	<li>Click Copy to from the top right corner on the study management screen. Select your desired file location, and press okay.</li>
	<li>You may now remove the anmial and return it to its housing to recover.</li>
	<li>To clean the ultrasound set-up, spray a paper towel with T-spray and wipe off the heated stage and rectal probe. Never spray the disinfectant directly on the stage.</li>
	<li>The transducer should be wiped off with 70% ethanol on a paper towel before being placed back in the holder.</li>
	<li>To turn off the air, shut off the O2 tank or filtered air source. You should see the air flow bead slowly drop to 0 on the vaporizer.</li>
	<li>Once you are done with the system, click the power button on the study management screen in the top right corner and allow the monitor to turn off completely.</li>
	<li>Turn the power button on the back of system off only after the monitor is completely off. You should hear the fan stop once it has been properly shut down.</li>
</ol>

Recently developed high-frequency ultrasound transducers are well suited for visualizing small structures to a depth of up to 3 cm. Here the versatility of a small animal ultrasound system was demonstrated to acquire in vivo imaging data of the dynamics of the mouse aorta. This technique requires practice and recognition of common difficulties, such as abdominal shadows and Doppler scan alignment. Despite these limitations, it is a powerful and versatile technique for quickly obtaining non-invasive imaging data....

high-frequency ultrasound imaging of the abdominal aorta

Source: Amelia R. Adelsperger, Evan H. Phillips, and <a href="https://www.jove.com/author/Craig+J._Goergen">Craig J. Goergen</a>, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
High-frequency ultrasound systems are used to acquire high resolution images. Here, the use of a state-of-the-art system will be demonstrated to image the morphology and hemodynamics of small pulsatile arteries and veins found in mice and rats. Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile method for the noninvasive assessment of vessels in humans as well as large and small animals. These are several key advantages that ultraound offers compared to other techniques, such as computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and near-infrared fluorescence tomography (NIRF). CT requires ionizing radiation and MRI can be prohibitively expensive and even impractical in some scenarios. NIRF, on the other hand, is limited by the penetration depth of light required to excite the fluorescent contrast agents.
Ultrasound has limitations in terms of imaging depth; however, this may be overcome by sacrificing resolution and using a lower frequency transducer. Abdominal gas and excess body weight can severely diminish image quality. In the first case, the propagation of sound waves is limited, while in the latter case, they are attenuated by overlying tissues, such as fat and connective tissue. As a result, no contrast or faint contrast may be observed. Finally, ultrasound is a highly user-dependent technique, requiring the sonographer to be familiar with anatomy and to be able to work around issues, such as the appearance of imaging artifacts or acoustic interference.

This procedure allowed the anatomical and functional imaging of the abdominal aorta. Acquiring real-time images in short-axis and long-axis by B-mode, M-mode, and Doppler ultrasound takes at least thirty minutes and therefore requires careful monitoring of the anesthetized animal. Some data are readily analyzed on-the-fly, such as two-dimensional B-mode scans (Fig. 1). These data can provide aortic diameter or cross-sectional area measurements. Other data, such as three-dimensional B-mode (Fig. 2), M-mode (Fig. 3), Color...

Source: Amelia R. Adelsperger, Evan H. Phillips, and Craig J. Goergen, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 
...

Ultrasound is a commonly used noninvasive imaging technology in clinical imaging and diagnostics.Ultrasound emits sound waves and measures their reflection to generate live images of anatomical structures and organs. It has advantages over other imaging modalities such as CT, MRI, and NIRF scans because it is relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile and does not require contrast agents. However, it has limitations in resolution and penetration depth.This video will illustrate the key principles behind ultrasound technology, demonstrate the utility of a high-frequency ultrasound system for imaging blood vessels in rodents, and provide examples of ultrasound imaging applications.
Ultrasound images are produced by emitting a beam of acoustic waves from the transducer and recording the echoes created as the waves reflect at the boundary between dissimilar tissues in the body. The waves can also be refracted, absorbed, or even scattered by smaller objects like blood cells.
The quantity of reflected waves is proportional to the difference in acoustic impedance between tissues. Acoustic impedance, Z, depends on the tissue density and the speed of the sound wave. If the difference i

Education

JoVE Science Education

Engineering

Biomedical Engineering

ultrasound imaging of small blood vessels

High-frequency ultrasound imaging can show the shape and blood flow of small pulsatile arteries and veins. The system used here provides high-resolution images of vessels in mice and rats. It is a practical way to study vessel morphology and hemodynamics, which means vessel structure and blood movement.

Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile method for noninvasive vessel assessment. It can be used in humans as well as in large and small animals. Compared with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and near-infrared fluorescence tomography (NIRF), it offers several advantages. CT uses ionizing radiation, MRI can be very expensive and difficult to use in some settings, and NIRF is limited by the depth that light can penetrate to excite fluorescent contrast agents.

Ultrasound also has limits. Imaging depth can be reduced, but this may be improved by using a lower frequency transducer, which lowers resolution. Abdominal gas can block sound waves and reduce image quality. Excess body weight can also weaken the signal because sound is attenuated by tissues such as fat and connective tissue, so the result may be little or no contrast.

This technique is highly user-dependent. The sonographer must know the anatomy and adjust for imaging artifacts or acoustic interference. Skill and careful technique are important for getting clear ultrasound images of small vessels.

Ultrasound Imaging of Small Blood Vessels

ultrasound-imaging-of-small-blood-vessels

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High-frequency ultrasound imaging can show the shape and blood flow of small pulsatile arteries and veins. The system used here provides high-resolution images of vessels in mice and rats. It is a practical way to study vessel morphology and hemodynamics, which means vessel structure and blood movement. Ultrasound is a relatively inexpensive, portable, and versatile method for noninvasive vessel assessment. It can be used in humans as well as in large and small animals. Compared with computed...

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biomedical engineering

This collection describes the central concepts in biomedical engineering with a focus on imaging techniques to visualize and detect medical conditions, methods to quantify biomechanical strain, and computational modeling to simulate blood flow.

Explore how high-frequency ultrasound images small arteries and veins in mice and rats, and learn its benefits, limits, and common imaging challenges.

Ultrasound Imaging of Small Blood Vessels | JoVE K12

Next Generation Science Standards

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

HS-PS4-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

Amelia R. Adelsperger

Evan H. Phillips

Craig J. Goergen

Purdue University

Overview

Principles of Ultrasound Imaging

Ultrasound Imaging Set-up

Ultrasound Image Acquisition

Results

Applications

Summary

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Ultrasound Imaging of Small Blood Vessels

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