Surface Antigens
Surface Antigens - Related Videos
13:05
Flow Cytometry Protocols for Surface and Intracellular Antigen Analyses of Neural Cell Types
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Cited by 39 •
2014
We provide a detailed description of a protocol for flow cytometric analysis of surface antigens and/or intracellular antigens in neural cell types. Critical aspects of experimental planning, step-by-step methodological procedures, and fundamental principles of flow cytometry are explained in order to enable neurobiologists to exploit this powerful technology.
05:04
Viral Antigen Microarray Assay to Detect Antibody Isotypes in Serum Against Viral Antigen
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2025
In this video, we demonstrate the process for detecting antibody isotypes in multiple human serum samples using a microarray slide printed with antigenic subtypes of influenza virus strains.
06:57
Development of an Antigen-driven Colitis Model to Study Presentation of Antigens by Antigen Presenting Cells to T Cells
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Cited by 9 •
2016
In this antigen-driven colitis model, OT-II CD4+ T cells expressing a red fluorescent protein were adoptively transferred into RAG-/- mice that express a green fluorescent protein in mononuclear phagocytes (MPs). The hosts were challenged with Escherichia coli (E.coli) expressing the ovalbumin protein (OVA) fused to a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP).
12:43
Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2
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Cited by 1 •
2013
We describe the use of the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 for the combined detection of cell surface antigens via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification and enrichment of live human embryonic stem cells (hESC) using positive selection and also the use of negative selection to purge hESCs from a mixed cell population.
02:41
B Cell Activation on an Antigen-Coated Coverslip
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2025
This video demonstrates B cell activation in vitro. The process involves antigen interaction with B cell receptors, leading to cytoskeleton remodeling, immune synapse formation, lysosome movement, antigen internalization, processing, and subsequent presentation on MHC molecules for B cell activation.
FAQs
Epitopes are the exposed regions of a surface antigen that antibodies or antigen receptors can recognize. Differences in epitope structure can change whether immune components bind effectively, altering the strength or specificity of recognition. In infection research, these distinctions help explain why related biological targets may trigger different immune responses and why antigen structure matters for immune-based detection and intervention.
The amount of antigen displayed on a cell, virus, or particle can influence how readily immune components detect that target. Higher or lower abundance may change the apparent visibility of the biological target and therefore affect immune activation or measurement. Assessing abundance is especially relevant when comparing infected or abnormal cells with other cells during immunological analysis.
Structural changes can alter the epitopes available for antibody binding or antigen-receptor interaction. When recognition is reduced, a pathogen may become less readily identified by immune defenses, while changes that preserve other surface functions may still affect attachment. Studying these changes helps connect antigen variation with pathogen evasion and with differences in host-pathogen interactions.
Measuring surface markers can distinguish cells that display biologically relevant antigen patterns from cells that do not. Differences in marker presence or abundance may reveal infected or abnormal cells and support their identification in immunology studies. This information provides an experimental basis for examining cellular changes associated with infection or abnormal biological states.
Surface antigen analysis supports microbial identification by examining recognizable markers on biological targets. The same recognition principle contributes to serological testing, where antigen-antibody interactions provide information about immune reactivity. These applications make surface antigens useful for distinguishing targets and developing diagnostic assays, although the specific interpretation depends on the antigen pattern being measured.
Exposed antigens provide potential targets for strategies designed to direct immune recognition toward pathogens or abnormal cells. Vaccine design can focus on relevant antigen features, while therapeutic antibody development can use recognizable surface markers as targets. Their importance arises from the connection between accessible epitopes, antibody binding, and the desired immune-based outcome.