Question 1

What is the difference between transfecting DNA and RNA into cells?

Accepted Answer

DNA transfection enables protein expression using the cell's machinery, while RNA transfection, particularly double-stranded RNA or siRNA, shuts down specific protein production by stopping translation. DNA must reach the nucleus for effective expression, whereas RNA acts in the cytoplasm. DNA can be stably incorporated into the genome or transiently expressed, while RNA effects are temporary.

Question 2

How do chemical transfection methods deliver genetic material into cells?

Accepted Answer

Chemical transfection uses positively charged carrier molecules—such as cationic lipids, calcium phosphate, or polymers—that complex with negatively charged nucleic acids. These complexes attach to the negatively charged cell membrane through electrostatic attraction, then enter via endocytosis in membrane-bound vesicles called endosomes. The nucleic acids escape the endosome and reach their destination in the cytoplasm or nucleus.

Question 3

What cell conditions optimize transfection efficiency?

Accepted Answer

Cells should be in log phase growth and between 40 and 80% confluent at transfection time. Prepare cells by harvesting them the day before, counting them, and seeding at appropriate concentration. After adding nucleic acid-reagent complexes, incubate overnight to allow attachment and transfection. Replace media with fresh culture after 24 hours to support cell recovery and gene expression.

Question 4

How is transfection efficiency measured in cells?

Accepted Answer

Reporter systems tethered to inserted genes measure DNA transfection efficiency. Green fluorescent protein can be directly observed, while luciferase enzyme activity is measured using colorimetric assays. Stable transfection is verified by genomic analysis such as RT-PCR. For siRNA silencing success, immunoblot analysis determines target protein levels; successful transfection decreases target protein while housekeeping genes like GAPDH remain stable.

Question 5

What is the difference between stable and transient transfection?

Accepted Answer

Stable transfection occurs when transfected DNA integrates into the genome and persists through cell division, creating permanent genetic changes. Transient transfection involves DNA that remains outside the genome, resulting in temporary protein expression lasting 24 to 96 hours before being lost. Stable transfection is measured by genomic analysis, while transient effects are detected through reporter systems.

Question 6

What are alternative physical methods for transfecting cells?

Accepted Answer

Electroporation uses electrical current to temporarily damage the cell membrane, allowing DNA or RNA entry before cells repair. A gene gun fires gold particles coated with DNA directly into cells; particles reaching the cytoplasm enable transfection. These physical methods complement chemical approaches and are useful for cell types resistant to chemical reagents or for in vivo applications like brain tissue transfection.

Question 7

How can co-transfection be used to study protein mutations?

Accepted Answer

Co-transfection simultaneously introduces interfering RNA and mutant DNA into the same cell. RNAi down-regulates the endogenous protein while the transfected mutant version is produced. Comparing functional outcomes—such as recovery of fluorescent reporter signals—reveals whether the mutation preserves or impairs protein function. This approach enables direct assessment of mutation effects on cellular processes.

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