Name: Animal Behavior: Studying Taxis Behavior of Drosophila - Concept
Uploaded: 2019-01-29T11:04:45.000Z
Duration: 3 min 5 s
Channel: JoVE

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<p>Have you ever left a fruit bowl out for a while and return to discover a fruit fly settlement? But why is the fruit fly attracted to ripe fruit in the first place? In other words, what is the stimulus that tells them where to go? This analysis is part of a wider field called ethology, which is the study of animal behavior.</p>
<p>A stimulus may cause two types of animal movement. Kinesis, which is non-directional or random, or taxis, which is directional. An example of kinesis would be the movement of the flies in random directions when chased away. Conversely, an example of taxis would be the directed movement of the flies back towards the ripe fruit. This specific type of taxis is referred to as chemotaxis and since it is towards the stimulant, food, it is further defined as positive chemotaxis. An example of negative chemotaxis would be the fly moving away from an insect repellent. Another common type of taxis is phototaxis, which is movement is response to a light stimulus. Moths are showing positive phototaxis when they move towards a light source. On the contrary, cockroaches that scuttle away when the light is turned on are being negatively phototactic. Geotaxis, also known as gravitaxis, is movement in response to gravity. Moving in the direction of gravity is positive geotaxis, while movement in the opposite direction is negative geotaxis. There are many other types of taxis, including aerotaxis, barotaxis, hydrotaxis, and magnetotaxis - which are movement in response to oxygen, pressure, water and magnetic fields respectively.</p>
<p>So why do scientists study animal behaviors like these? One of the goals may be to find the genetic basis for the behaviors exhibited by individuals or groups within a species. Sometimes, a behavior can even be traced to a specific mutation in a single gene. On a broader scale, understanding how genetics and behavioral traits are linked can also help us to gain a better understanding of behaviors across the animal kingdom, including our own.</p>
<p>In this lab, you will assess the geotactic, phototactic and chemotactic responses of the fruit fly <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, using choice chambers.</p>

animal behavior

<h4><em>Drosophila</em> as a Model Organism</h4>
<p>The common fruit fly, <em>Drosophila melanogaster, </em>is a widely used model organism in biology, though it may be more commonly recognized as a fruit-loving pest. There are multiple reasons that make <em>D. melanogaster</em> an excellent experimental organism: their roughly two-week generation time allows studying multiple generations, they are easily maintained in very small tubes, and their sexual dimorphism enables investigators to easily distinguish between males that have black coloration towards the posterior and females that have banded abdomens.</p>
<p>Thomas Hunt Morgan and his students were among the first to make use of <em>Drosophila</em>, in the early 20<sup>th</sup> century. In 1933, Morgan received a Nobel Prize for his discovery of the role of chromosomes in heredity, which was founded on his observations of mutant <em>Drosophila</em>. Morgan continued his studies by generating new mutants with radiation. The presence of multiple mutants with discrete effects on the appearance of the fly enabled him to look at patterns of multifactor inheritance. A key aspect of his early work was the discovery of apparent violations of Mendel&#8217;s second law, which states that genes segregate independently of one another. Morgan&#8217;s observations indicated that genes will not segregate independently if they are joined together on the same chromosome. Furthermore, it became possible to determine gene locations on a chromosome relative to each other through analyses of how often they recombined thus triggering gene mapping studies to identify the location of a gene and distances between genes. Consequently, associates of Morgan&#8217;s lab received two additional Nobel Prizes for other studies of <em>Drosophila</em> genetics. Morgan&#8217;s success and the accumulating information about <em>Drosophila</em> inspired others to adopt them as experimental organisms, which added to our knowledge of them and progressively increased their value as a model organism. Other scientists have developed many mutations. Over 27,000 unique <em>Drosophila</em> lines are now maintained as stock cultures at the <em>Drosophila</em> stock centers and are readily available to laboratories that use them as tools for studying diverse aspects of biology, including behavior<sup>1</sup>.</p>
<h4><em>Drosophila</em> Ethology</h4>
<p>Animal behavior, or ethology, is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environments. Although it is a relatively young biological field, ethology has important implications since an organism&#8217;s survival depends on how it behaves with regard to possible mates, food sources, and natural obstacles. Studying these organisms helps scientists to understand the contexts of these behaviors and the underlying mechanisms as to how they have evolved. Thus, a goal of the study of animal behavior is to find a genetic basis for the behaviors exhibited by individuals or groups of individuals. For example, kin selection, first proposed by William Hamilton, suggests that individuals will behave altruistically when making a sacrifice for a family member rather than a stranger<sup>2</sup>. This is because related individuals share more genes than unrelated ones, and the future reproduction by their relatives contributes in a way to their own fitness, or reproductive success. Hence, observing how organisms like <em>Drosophila</em> interact with their environment can allow us to understand how these behaviors are hard-wired. Additionally, these behaviors provide insight into how these organisms have adapted to cope with their environment and survive.</p>
<p>Directional behaviors are commonly studied to understand the basis of how and why an organism moves in its environment. Kinesis and taxis are two forms of directional behaviors. Kinesis involves stimulus-induced movements in random directions, such as the random movement of flies when chased away. On the other hand, taxis involves stimulus-induced movement towards a specific direction, such as moths flying towards a lightbulb. Taxis behaviors are positive if the animal moves towards the stimulus and negative if the animal moves away from the stimulus. Furthermore, taxis behaviors are named based on the specific stimulus that induces them. For example, geotaxis is a response to gravity, where positive geotaxis means that the organism moves with gravity. Phototaxis is movement in response to light, such as positive phototaxis of moths towards a lightbulb. Similarly, chemotaxis is attraction to or avoidance of an airborne chemical cue, such as the negative chemotaxis of many predators, including humans, in response to the smell of skunk spray. Furthermore, there are many other types of taxes that are studied by scientists, including aerotaxis, barotaxis, hydrotaxis, and magnetotaxis, that are movements in response to oxygen, pressure, water, and magnetic fields, respectively.</p>
<h4>Study of <em>Drosophila </em>taxis behavior</h4>
<p>A common and simple method to study <em>Drosophila</em> taxis behavior is to use a choice chamber, which allows the observation of a directional response of the fly to a particular stimulus, such as gravity, light, or a chemical. <em>Drosophila</em> are inserted in the center of the choice chamber and then allowed to wander freely about the chamber, which is designed so that alternative stimuli can be presented at opposing sides. After a period of wandering, the number of flies is counted on either side of the choice chamber. The number of flies on each side of the chamber is then analyzed with the Chi Square test to gauge whether or not there is a preference for a stimulus.</p>
<p>Comparison of directional behavior of mutant and wild-type <em>Drosophila</em> allows researchers to determine the role of the mutated gene in that specific behavior. Moreover, scientists are also trying to understand how animals decide what to do in the presence of combinations of stimuli, including conflicting stimuli<sup>3</sup>. Together, these studies can help predict how organisms will react to certain stimuli or changes in environmental factors.</p>
<h4>References</h4>
<ol class="references">
	<li><strong>Cook KR, Parks AL, Jacobus LM, Kaufman TC, Matthews K.</strong> New research resources at the Bloomington Drosophila Stock Center. <em>Fly. </em>2010, Vol. 4, 1: 88-91.</li>
	<li><strong>WD, Hamilton.</strong> Altruism and related phenomena, mainly in social insects. <em>Ann Rev Ecol Systematics. </em>1972, Vol. 3, 193-202.</li>
	<li><strong>Gepner R, Skanata MM, Bernat NM, Kaplow M, Gershow M.</strong> Computations underlying Drosophila photo-taxis, odor-taxis, and multi-sensory integration. <em>eLife. </em>2015, Vol. 4, e06229.</li>
</ol>

Animal Behavior: Studying Taxis Behavior of Drosophila - Concept

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Drosophila Taxis in Animal Behavior | JoVE K12

Prepare Drosophila for a high school behavior lab with the right vial setup, fly counts, and day-of-experiment supplies for student groups.

Drosophila Colony Prep for Behavior Lab | JoVE K12

Build a choice chamber and test Drosophila responses to gravity, light, and apple cider vinegar in three simple taxis assays for high school biology.

Drosophila Taxis Choice Chamber Lab | JoVE K12

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="0.0">Making Choice Chambers
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="77">Geotaxis
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="192">Phototaxis
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="283">Chemotaxis
</a></li><li><a href="#" data-time="387">Results
</a></li></ul>

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Making Choice Chambers
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">Before beginning the experiments, use one of the Sharpies from the lab table to trace a line around the circumference of the bottom of both bottles. One line should be 1 cm from the base of the bottle and the other should be 1.5 cm from the base of the bottle.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Use a razor blade to make a small cut in each bottle at the mark. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Then, insert the scissors and carefully cut along the line until the bottoms of the bottles are removed completely.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Fit one bottle bottom into the other.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Tape the bottles together to make a secure chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">Use the razor blade and scissors to poke a hole into the center of the chamber. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">Take a piece of tape and fold the edge onto itself to make a tab and place the tape over the hole.  Note: The tab helps with easy removal and reattachment of the tape to the chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Use the Sharpie to label one side of the chamber A and the other side B.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">Upon receiving the colony of <em>Drosophila</em>, perform a count to make sure there are 40 living individuals in the vial.
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="2" data-parent-collapse="">Geotaxis
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="2-1"><div class="lab-step">To perform a geotaxis assay, first attach a clean, empty bottle cap to each end of the choice chamber and turn the fly vial upside down onto its lid.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-2"><div class="lab-step">Open the tape flap in the center of the choice chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-3"><div class="lab-step">Insert the funnel into the hole and tap all of the flies into the chamber. HYPOTHESES: The alternate hypothesis is that more flies will be moving against gravity, or up, regardless of the orientation of the choice chamber. Alternatively, if the flies are positively geotactic, then more flies will move down, or with gravity. The null hypothesis is that the flies will have no preference with regard to gravity and will move randomly within the chamber. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-4"><div class="lab-step">Once the <em>Drosophila</em> are in the chamber, close the tape flap, rotate the chamber so that it stands vertically with side A on the bottom, and start the timer.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-5"><div class="lab-step">Immediately, count the number of <em>Drosophila</em> that are moving up and the number that are moving down. Record these data for time point 0 in the table. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-6"><div class="lab-step">After 30 seconds, rotate the chamber so that side B is on the bottom and count the number of <em>Drosophila</em> that are moving up or down. Record these data for time point 30 in the table.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-7"><div class="lab-step">After 60 seconds, rotate the chamber so that side A is on the bottom again and record the number of moving flies for time point 60.  <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/15/Table_1_Animal_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="__blank">Click Here to download Table 1</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="2-8"><div class="lab-step">Hold the chamber over the fly vial and carefully open the cap to return all of the <em>Drosophila</em> back to their empty vial. 
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="3" data-parent-collapse="">Phototaxis
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="3-1"><div class="lab-step">To perform a phototaxis analysis, first cover side A of the choice chamber with tin foil, taking care that the foil reaches to the exact center between the two sides. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-2"><div class="lab-step">Ensure the caps are secured on both ends of the chamber.  HYPOTHESES: In this exercise, the alternative hypothesis is that more flies will be found in the light side of the choice chamber, if the flues are attracted to light, or on the dark side if they are repelled by light. The null hypothesis is that <em>Drosophila</em> will have no preference with regard to either stimulus. Therefore, equal numbers of flies will be found on either side of the choice chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-3"><div class="lab-step">Open the tape flap in the center of the choice chamber, insert the funnel into the hole, and tap all 40 flies into the chamber as previously described.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-4"><div class="lab-step">Set the timer to sound an alarm at 10 minutes.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-5"><div class="lab-step">When the alarm sounds, stop the timer, and count the number of flies in the open side B of the chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-6"><div class="lab-step">Subtract that number from the total number of flies added to the choice chamber to calculate the number of flies in the covered side A.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-7"><div class="lab-step">Record these data in the table for time point 10.  <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/15/Table_2_Animal_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="__blank">Click Here to download Table 2</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="3-8"><div class="lab-step">Carefully, return all of the flies back to their empty vial.
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="4" data-parent-collapse="">Chemotaxis
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="4-1"><div class="lab-step">HYPOTHESES: In this exercise, the alternative hypothesis is that more flies will be found on the side of the chamber with the apple cider vinegar if the flies are attracted to the odor. Or, if the flies are repelled by the vinegar, then more of them will be found on the side of the chamber presenting the odorless water. The null hypothesis is that <em>Drosophila</em> will have no preference with regard to either stimulus and will move randomly in the chamber.  Use an individual disposable plastic pipette to dispense two drops of the apple cider vinegar onto one cotton ball for side A of the chamber. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-2"><div class="lab-step">Use an individual disposable plastic pipette to dispense two drops of the distilled water onto a cotton ball for side B of the chamber. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-3"><div class="lab-step">Fold two pieces of tape over themselves to create individual pieces of double-sided tape and use the tape to attach each cotton ball to the inside of the single bottle cap.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-4"><div class="lab-step">Screw the bottle caps with the cotton balls onto their corresponding sides of the chamber.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-5"><div class="lab-step">Transfer all of the flies into the chamber and set the timer to sound an alarm after 10 minutes. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-6"><div class="lab-step">When the alarm sounds, stop the timer and record the number of flies in each side of the chamber. <a href="https://www.jove.com/CDNSource/lm/labs/15/Table_3_Animal_behavior.xlsx" style="display:block;margin:20px;" target="__blank">Click Here to download Table 3</a>
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-7"><div class="lab-step">At the end of the final experiment, funnel the flies into a morgue tube containing 70% ethanol. 
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="4-8"><div class="lab-step">Dismantle the choice chambers for recycling.  NOTE: Since all of the chemicals used in these experiments are lab safe, the liquids can be disposed of down the sink, the chambers rinsed, and the solids can be thrown away in the trash. 
</div></li></ul></li><li data-note-item="5" data-parent-collapse="">Results
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="5-1"><div class="lab-step">Gather all of the data collected for the geotaxis, phototaxis, and chemotaxis experiments.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="5-2"><div class="lab-step">Plot these values as bar graphs for different conditions and different time points.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="5-3"><div class="lab-step">Use these data to draw inferences about the behavior of <em>drosophila melanogaster</em>. 
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

Animal Behavior: Studying Taxis Behavior of Drosophila - Procedure

Making Choice Chambers
ExpandBefore beginning the experiments, use one of the Sharpies from the lab table to trace a line around the circumference of the ...

<p>Before beginning the experiments, use one of the Sharpies from the lab table to trace a line around the circumference of the bottom of both bottles. One centimeter from the base on the first bottle and 1.5 centimeters from the base on the second bottle. Use a razor blade to make a small cut in each bottle at the mark, and then insert the scissors and carefully cut along the line until the bottoms of the bottles are removed completely.</p><p>Then, fit one bottle bottom into the other. Tape the bottles together to make a secure chamber and use the razor blade and scissors to poke a hole into the center of the chamber. Take a piece of tape and fold the edge onto itself to make a tab, and then put the tape over the hole.</p><p>The tab helps with easy removal and reattachment of the tape to the chamber. Use the Sharpie to label one side of the choice chamber A and the other side B.Then, upon receiving the colony of drosophila for experimentation, count to make sure that there are 40 live individuals in the vile. To perform a geotaxis assay, first attach a clean, empty bottle cap to each end of the choice chamber and turn the fly vile upside down onto its lid.</p><p>Open the tape flap in the center of the choice chamber, insert the funnel into the hole, and tap all 40 of the flies into the chamber. In this exercise, the alternative hypothesis is that more flies will be moving against gravity, or up, regardless of the orientation of the choice chamber if they are negatively geotactic. Alternatively, if the flies are positively geotactic, then more flies will move down or with gravity.</p><p>The null hypothesis is that the flies have no preference with regard to gravity and will move randomly within the chamber. Once all of the drosophila are in the chamber, close the tape flap, rotate the chamber so that it stands vertically with side A on the bottom, and start the timer. Immediately count the number of drosophila that are moving up, and the number that are moving down, and record these data for time point zero in the table.</p><p>After 30 seconds, carefully rotate the chamber so that side B is on the bottom and count the number of drosophila that are moving up or down, recording these data for time point 30 in the table. After 60 seconds, rotate the chamber so that side A is on the bottom again and record the number of moving flies for time point 60. Then, hold the chamber over the fly vile and carefully open the cap to return all of the drosophila back into their empty vile.</p><p>To perform a phototaxis analysis, first cover side A of the choice chamber with tinfoil, taking care that the foil reaches to the exact center between the two sides. Make sure the caps are secured on both ends of the chamber. In this exercise, the alternative hypothesis is that more flies will be found on the light side of the choice chamber if the flies are attracted to light, or on the dark side if they are repelled by light.</p><p>The null hypothesis is that drosophila will have no preference with regard to either stimulus. Therefore, equal numbers of flies will be found on either side of the choice chamber. Now, open the tape flap in the center of the choice chamber, insert the funnel into the hole, and tap all 40 flies into the chamber as demonstrated before.</p><p>Next, set the timer to sound an alarm at 10 minutes. When the alarm sounds on the timer, stop the timer and count the number of flies in the open side B of the chamber. Subtract that number from the total number of flies added to the choice chamber to calculate the number of flies in the covered side A, and record the data in a table.</p><p>After recording these data for time point 10 on the table, carefully return all of the animals back to their empty vile. In this exercise, the alternative hypotheses are that more flies will be found on the side of the chamber with the apple cider vinegar if the flies are attracted to the odor. Or, if the flies are repelled by the vinegar, then more of them will be found on the side of the chamber presenting odorless water.</p><p>The null hypothesis is that drosophila will have no preference with regard to either stimulus, and so will move randomly in the chamber. Use individual, disposable plastic pipettes to dispense two drops of the apple cider vinegar onto one cotton ball for side A of the choice chamber and two drops of distilled water onto a cotton ball for side B of the chamber. Fold two pieces of tap over themselves to create individual pieces of double sided tape and use the tape to attach each cotton ball to the inside of a single bottle cap.</p><p>Screw the bottle caps with the cotton balls onto their corresponding sides of the chamber. Next, transfer all of the flies into the chamber and set the timer to sound another alarm at 10 minutes. When the alarm sounds, stop the timer and record the number of flies in each side of the chamber.</p><p>At the end of the final experiment, funnel the flies into a morgue tube containing 70%ethanol and dismantle the choice chambers for recycling. Since all of the chemicals used in these experiments are lab safe, the liquids can be disposed of down the sink, the chambers rinsed, and the solids can be thrown away in the trash. Gather all the data collected for geotaxis, phototaxis, and chemotaxis experiments.</p><p>Plot these values as bar graphs for different conditions and different time points. What inferences can you draw from these data regarding the behavior of drosophila melanogaster? Can you explain these results given what you generally know about fruit flies?</p>

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="0.0"><em>D. melanogaster</em> care
</a></li></ul>

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse=""><em>D. Melanogaster</em> Care
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">Obtain the <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em> specimens at least two weeks before the experiment to allow the specimens to acclimate to the lab room conditions.  NOTE: 25 <em>Drosophila</em> adults produce about 50 new adults in two weeks. Each colony-housing container should consist of a clean vial, 1.5 &#8211; 3 cm of prepared food medium, and a stopper.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Use a funnel to transfer the flies to the colony-housing container.  NOTE: House the colonies so there will be approximately 40 flies per student or student group (plus spares) on the day of the experiment.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">On the day of the experiment, place a dish of apple cider vinegar, a razor blade, a dish of distilled water, two sterile cotton balls, a funnel, scissors, Sharpie pens, a timer, four water bottle caps, and two water bottles onto each lab table.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">After the equipment is in place, use a funnel to randomly move colonies of 40 adult flies each into the clean vials without food or substrate.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">NOTE: Vials without food or substrate make it easier for the students to collect only the adults and to avoid adding food to the experimental chambers.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">What is ethology?</h4><p>Ethology, or animal behavior, is the study of how animals interact with each other and their environment(s).
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">What are taxis and kinesis?</h4><p>Taxis and kinesis are both directional behaviors. Taxis is stimulus-induced movement towards a specific direction. Conversely, kinesis is stimulus-induced movement in random directions.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">How do we name taxis behaviors?</h4><p>Taxis behaviors are named after the type of triggering stimuli and the direction of movement. For example, both food and bug spray are chemical stimuli. Movement towards food is positive chemotaxis, whereas movement away from the bug spray is negative chemotaxis.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">What is a choice chamber?</h4><p>A choice chamber is a device with two sides that allows detection of response to a stimulus by presenting the stimulus in one side and counting the number of flies in both sides at certain time points.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Why is the fruit fly a good model organism?</h4><p>Fruit flies have a short life cycle and a simple genome. This allows generation and breeding of large numbers of mutant flies fairly quickly. Moreover, fruit flies are maintained easily and are extremely cost-efficient.
</p></div>

Animal Behavior: Studying Taxis Behavior of Drosophila - Prep

D. Melanogaster Care
ExpandObtain the Drosophila melanogaster specimens at least two weeks before the experiment to allow the specimens to acclimate to ...

<p>Obtain the Drosophila melanogaster specimens at least two weeks before the experiment to allow the specimens to acclimate to the lab room conditions. Note that 25 Drosophila adults produce about 50 new adults in two weeks. Each colony housing container of Drosophila should consist of a clean vial, 1.5 to three centimeters of prepared food medium, and a stopper.</p><p>Using a funnel, transfer the flies to the colony housing container and house the colonies so that there will be approximately 40 flies per student or student group, plus spares, on the day of the experiment. On the day of the experiment, place a dish of apple cider vinegar, a razor blade, a dish of distilled water, two sterile cotton balls, a funnel, scissors, Sharpie pens, a timer, four water bottle caps, and two water bottles onto each lab table. When all of the equipment is in place, use a funnel to randomly move colonies of 40 adult flies each into clean vials without food or substrate to make it easier for the students to collect only the adults and to avoid adding food to experimental choice chambers.</p><p>Please take time to review the material list and the student protocol video to be fully prepped for the lab.</p>

Animal Behavior

Description

Drosophila as a Model Organism

Transcript

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