Name: heat, temperature, and everyday energy
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T12:28:53.000Z
Duration: 1 min 11 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Energy

HS-PS3-4

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness of a body, and it can be recorded with a thermometer.
The hotter body has a higher temperature, whereas the colder one has a lower temperature.
For example, boiling water feels hot as it has a higher temperature than cold water.
If hot and cold water are mixed, heat will transfer from the hot to the cold water until their temperature becomes equal.
After attaining a uniform temperature, the heat transfer will stop, and the water is said to be in thermal equilibrium.
If the warmed water is placed inside a refrigerator, it will cool down until it reaches the refrigerator&#39;s temperature.
Thus, thermal equilibrium is the condition when there is no further heat transfer between two connected systems.
If one body is separated from the other system by some insulator, it will delay the process of thermal equilibrium.
Therefore, a thermal flask can keep coffee hot for long, as the vacuum present between the walls of the flask acts as an insulator and restricts heat transfer.

temperature and thermal equilibrium

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as thermodynamics. It is not always easy to distinguish heat and temperature.
The concept of temperature has evolved from the common concepts of hot and cold. The scientific definition of temperature explains more than just our sense of hot and cold. Temperature is operationally defined as the quantity measured with a thermometer. Furthermore, temperature is proportional to the average translational kinetic energy, which provides a more physical definition. Differences in temperature maintain the transfer of heat throughout the universe. Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another as a result of a difference in temperature. The transfer of heat can change the temperature, and it will affect everything from the behavior of atoms and molecules, to cooking, to the weather on Earth, and to the life cycles of stars. One can feel heat entering the body from the summer Sun or from hot coffee or tea after a winter stroll. One can also feel heat leaving the body from the chill of the night or the cooling effect of sweat after exercise.

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...

Education

JoVE Core

Physics

Unit 1

Temperature and Heat

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

heat, temperature, and everyday energy

Heat and temperature are key ideas in thermodynamics and in everyday life. People often connect temperature with hot and cold, but science gives it a more precise meaning. Temperature is the quantity measured with a thermometer. It is also linked to the average translational kinetic energy of particles.

Heat is different from temperature. Heat is energy that moves from one place or material to another because there is a difference in temperature. That difference in temperature keeps heat flowing throughout the universe. When heat is transferred, it can change temperature and affect matter in many settings.

These ideas help explain the behavior of atoms and molecules. They also appear in cooking, in Earth’s weather, and in the life cycles of stars. People can feel heat entering the body from the summer Sun or from hot coffee or tea after a winter stroll. People can also feel heat leaving the body from the chill of the night or from the cooling effect of sweat after exercise.

Heat, Temperature, and Everyday Energy

Heat and temperature are key ideas in thermodynamics and in everyday life. People often connect temperature with hot and cold, but science gives it a more precise meaning. Temperature is the quantity measured with a thermometer. It is also linked to the average translational kinetic energy of particles. Heat is different from temperature. Heat is energy that moves from one place or material to another because there is a difference in temperature. That difference in temperature keeps heat...

zeroth law of thermodynamics

Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law

The zeroth law of thermodynamics explains thermal equilibrium between objects. If object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is also in equilibrium with object C. This transitive relationship is the key idea behind the law. A simple example uses metal blocks and a metal plate at room temperature. A cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on the plate. Over time, the cold block and the plate reach thermal equilibrium, and...

thermometers and temperature scales

How Thermometers Measure Heat

Thermometers measure temperature by using physical properties that change in a predictable way. One common example is volume. For most substances, volume increases as temperature rises. That idea is used in alcohol thermometers and in the original mercury thermometers. Other thermometer designs use different temperature-sensitive properties. Some measure electrical resistance, color, or the emission of infrared radiation. The alcohol thermometer is a common example. It contains red-dyed...

gas thermometers and the kelvin scale

Kelvin Temperature and Gas Thermometer Standards

Kelvin temperature is the absolute scale used in science, and it starts at absolute zero. That zero point matches the lowest possible temperature, where molecular motion reaches zero or the minimum allowed by quantum mechanics. Scientists use this scale because some physical quantities, such as the volume of an ideal gas, depend directly on absolute temperature. The Kelvin scale is part of the SI system of units, so its definition is more precise than simply using water’s freezing and boiling...

thermal expansion

Thermal Expansion in Air, Water, and Solids

Thermal expansion is the change in size or volume of a material as its temperature changes. A common example is the alcohol inside a thermometer. As the temperature rises, the alcohol expands and shows the change. Heated air also expands. It becomes less dense than the cooler air around it, so the surrounding air pushes it upward. This is why steam and smoke rise and why hot air balloons float. The same effect happens in liquids and gases, and it helps move heat upward in homes, oceans, and...

thermal stress

How Temperature Changes Create Stress

Thermal stress is the stress that builds up when an object changes temperature but cannot expand or contract freely. If the object would expand without restraint, the stress is compressive. If it would contract, the stress is tensile. This stress from heating or cooling can become large enough to cause damage. Engineers often reduce it by designing parts so they can move as temperature changes. Highway blocks, for example, are separated by gaps so thermal stress does not build up. When gaps...

thermal expansion and thermal stress: problem solving

thermal-expansion-and-thermal-stress-problem-solving

Golden Gate Bridge Thermal Expansion

Thermal expansion and thermal stress are shown through the Golden Gate Bridge. The bridge faces temperatures from -15 °C to 40 °C. At its coldest, the main span is 1275 m long. Assuming the bridge is made entirely of steel, the example asks for the change in its length across this temperature range. To solve the problem, the known values must be identified first. The initial length is 1275 m. The coefficient of linear expansion for steel is 12 x 10 -6 /°C, and the change in temperature is 55...

heat flow and specific heat

Heat Units and Specific Heat

Heat is energy transferred because of a temperature difference, and it can change an object’s temperature. Since heat is energy, its SI unit is the joule (J). Heat transfer is the movement of energy from one place or material to another, and it plays a role in home heating, cooking, and many industrial processes. Two common units for heat are the calorie and the kilocalorie. A calorie (cal) is the energy needed to change the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 °C, specifically between 14.5 °C and...

phase changes

Heat and Phase Change Energy

Heat and phase change energy explain why substances melt, freeze, boil, and condense. A solid turns into a liquid during melting, also called fusion. The reverse process is freezing. A liquid turns into a gas during evaporation. The reverse process is condensation. Each substance changes phase at specific temperatures. The melting point is the temperature where a substance melts or freezes. The boiling point is the temperature where a substance boils or condenses. These temperatures depend on...

calorimetry

Heat Exchange in an Insulated System

Calorimetry studies heat exchange in an insulated system. A calorimeter is a container that prevents heat transfer in or out. Scientists use calorimetry to measure heat and specific heat capacity. A calorimetry problem is any situation where the objects are thermally isolated from their surroundings. The key idea comes from conservation of energy. During heat transfer, the heat gained by the colder object must equal the heat lost by the hotter object. A simple example is water poured into a...

mechanisms of heat transfer i

Three Ways Heat Moves Between Objects

Heat transfer happens when there is a temperature difference. It can move fast, like through a cooking pan, or slowly, like through the walls of a picnic ice box. Heat transfer appears in many everyday situations, so it is hard to find a place where it does not occur. There are only three ways heat is transferred: conduction, convection, and radiation. A fireplace shows all three at once. Radiation carries most of the heat into the room. Conduction also moves heat into the room, but much more...

mechanisms of heat transfer ii

Convection and Radiation in Heat Transfer

Convection and radiation are two major ways heat moves. In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Warm air and water rise because they are less dense, so ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation move heat from the tropics toward the poles and move cold air from the poles toward the tropics. Earth’s rotation changes these moving air currents. It interacts with the flow and helps produce the eastward movement of air in the temperate zones.

conduction, convection and radiation: problem solving

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Heat Transfer Calculations with Conduction, Convection

Heat transfer calculations with conduction and convection use the temperature difference to find the rate of heat flow. Radiation can also be part of the process. The main idea is that heat moves only because one area is hotter than another, and a larger temperature difference leads to faster transfer. To solve a heat transfer problem, first identify the type of transfer involved. It may be conduction, convection, radiation, or a combination of all three. Next, write down the unknown...

radiation: applications

Earth’s Energy Balance and Greenhouse Effect

Earth’s energy balance and the greenhouse effect help explain its average temperature. Earth is in radiative contact with both the Sun and dark space. It receives almost all of its energy from solar radiation, and it reflects some of that energy back into outer space. Dark space is very cold, about 3 K, so Earth also radiates energy into it. Heat can move quickly from soil and grasses, and frost can form on clear summer evenings, even in warm latitudes. In a first approximation, Earth’s...

absorption of radiation

Radiation Heat Transfer and Thermographs

Radiation heat transfer depends on temperature, surface area, and emissivity. The Stefan-Boltzmann law describes the rate of heat transfer by emitted radiation. In this law, σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, A is the object’s surface area, and T is its temperature in kelvins. The fourth-power dependence on absolute temperature makes radiation highly sensitive to small temperature changes. Even a slight rise in temperature can change the emitted heat a lot. That sensitivity is why radiation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how temperature is measured, how heat moves between materials, and why thermal energy matters in everyday life, weather, cooking, and stars.

Heat, Temperature, and Everyday Energy | JoVE K12

physics

JoVE Core Physics introduces the theory and application of fundamental physics topics, including kinematics, dynamics, fluid mechanics, statics, waves, and acoustics, with concise and easy-to-understand animated videos. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos demonstrate the application of related concepts in classical and original research experiments performed in today's laboratories worldwide.

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

9-12

Physical Science

Energy And Waves

Thermal energy

Tennessee Academic Standards

PHYS.PS3.5

CHEM1.PS3.1

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

1.2.1 9C.4.2.1.2

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

CHEM.13

CHEM.13.D

Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.PS.3.5.c

Earth and Space Science

Earth's Systems

9-12.ESS.2.7.b

conservation-of-energy-approach-to-system-analysis

Conservation of Energy Approach to System Analysis

Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez and Hussam Hikmat Jabbar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
The purpose of ...

Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conservation

Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

Enthalpy

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14702.jpg

first-law-of-thermodynamics-problem-solving

First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving

The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the net ...

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

Energy and Work

Conservation of Momentum

Source: Nicholas Timmons,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, ...

Entropy within the Cell

A living cell&#39;s primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics ...

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Focus is on basic algebraic expression or computations, systems of two or three components, and thermal energy.

HS-PS3-1

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium&#39;s ...

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the ...

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

Design Consideration

While designing a structure, the considerations start with the ultimate strength of a material, which is determined through tests, measuring changes under ...

design-example-analyzing-capacity-contours-for-flood-risk-assessment

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a ...

design-example-calculating-safe-diameter-for-wind-exposed-disc

Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc

Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments ...

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Focus of quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Emphasis is on devices constructed with teacher approved materials. Examples of devices in chemistry could include hot/cold packs and batteries.

HS-PS3-3

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam ...

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...

le-chatelier-s-principle-changing-temperature

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in ...

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...

Entropy

The Carnot Cycle

Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).  Clarification Statement: Physical Science, Physics and Chemistry: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking appropriate to the subject to describe the energy changes quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Power

Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by ...

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process ...

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with ...

Biological Effects of Radiation

All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break ...

factors-affecting-consumer-decision-process-personal

Factors Affecting Consumer Decision Process - Personal

Several Personal factors influence consumer decisions.
First is the Age and Life Cycle Stage. A family with young children may prioritize safety features ...

Responsible Product Development

Responsible product development involves creating or improving products focusing on customer needs and broader societal and environmental impact.
It ...

Social Cost and Benefit

Private costs and benefits are the financial impacts on individuals or businesses directly involved in a transaction.
However, when an additional unit of ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials about the viability of nuclear power as a source of alternative energy relative to other forms of energy (e.g., fossil fuels, wind, solar, geothermal).  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the trade-offs existing between the amount of energy produced, the types and amounts of pollution produced, safety, and cost.  Examples of published materials could include trade books, magazines, web resources, videos, and other passages that may reflect bias.

HS-PS3-6

Heat, Temperature, and Everyday Energy

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards