A Low Mortality Rat Model to Assess Delayed Cerebral Vasospasm After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Summary

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is bleeding that occurs into the subarachnoid space when an aneurysm ruptures. While the morbidity and mortality from this event has been on a decline due to improved treatment approaches, the risk of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage continues to be the same as it was several years ago. The importance of establishing a comprehensive and reproducible animal model to identify initiating events of cerebral vasospasm has been the focus of research since the first use of rats in an experimental vasospasm model in 1979 by Barry et al. Early work in rats demonstrated that a single injection of autologous blood into the cisterna magna led to acute (within minutes) but not delayed cerebral vasospasm ^{3, 6, 14}. Here we characterize a low mortality SAH rat model that results in reproducible delayed vasospasm.

Abstract

Objective: To characterize and establish a reproducible model that demonstrates delayed cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) in rats, in order to identify the initiating events, pathophysiological changes and potential targets for treatment.

Methods: Twenty-eight male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 - 300 g) were arbitrarily assigned to one of two groups - SAH or saline control. Rat subarachnoid hemorrhage in the SAH group (n=15) was induced by double injection of autologous blood, 48 hr apart, into the cisterna magna. Similarly, normal saline (n=13) was injected into the cisterna magna of the saline control group. Rats were sacrificed on day five after the second blood injection and the brains were preserved for histological analysis. The degree of vasospasm was measured using sections of the basilar artery, by measuring the internal luminal cross sectional area using NIH Image-J software. The significance was tested using Tukey/Kramer's statistical analysis.

Results: After analysis of histological sections, basilar artery luminal cross sectional area were smaller in the SAH than in the saline group, consistent with cerebral vasospasm in the former group. In the SAH group, basilar artery internal area (.056 μm ± 3) were significantly smaller from vasospasm five days after the second blood injection (seven days after the initial blood injection), compared to the saline control group with internal area (.069 ± 3; p=0.004). There were no mortalities from cerebral vasospasm.

Conclusion: The rat double SAH model induces a mild, survivable, basilar artery vasospasm that can be used to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm in a small animal model. A low and acceptable mortality rate is a significant criterion to be satisfied for an ideal SAH animal model so that the mechanisms of vasospasm can be elucidated ^{7, 8}. Further modifications of the model can be made to adjust for increased severity of vasospasm and neurological exams.

Protocol

1. Rat Surgery for SAH Subject Injected With 0.15 ml Autologous Arterial Blood

1. The rat is anesthetized using 0.1 mg/kg of Ketamine/Xylazine rodent cocktail and allowed to sit for 5 min.
2. Adequate anesthesia is confirmed by reduction in hind limb reflex.
3. Using an electronic shaver a neck to nose area of hair around the sub-occipital region is shaved.
4. The animal is placed supine on the surgery table and the tail is swabbed with betadine to ensure a sterile incision.
5. A straight 1 cm midline incision is taken on the ventral aspect of the tail
6. The dissection is extended until the tail artery is identifie....

Results

Within the protocols described above, there are several steps that we believe require a better characterization of the model than what has been previously described in the literature. Here we focus on the steps that are essential in order to achieve a reproducible low mortality cerebral vasospasm small animal model and avoid potential pitfalls associated with this model if not done correctly.

1. Autologous Blood Draw from the Tail Artery:

Careful placement of the ang.......

Discussion

Primates, having a more similar genetic composition and anatomical features to the human, more closely mimic the events of delayed cerebral vasospasm and can more easily undergo non-invasive imaging (MRI and angiography) to monitor arterial changes, than rodents ⁸. However, primate models are cost-prohibitive and associated with more complex care and ethical issues, than small animal models. Small animal SAH models that have been developed previously have focused on three methods of inducing SAH: 1) Endovascu.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Male SD rats (250-300 g)	Taconic	SD-M
26 G Catheters	Webster	8416683
25 G Needles	Buffalo	305122
1 cc Syringes	Central stores	54245
Ketamine/Xylazine cocktail	Animal Care (SUNY)*	-
Betadine	Central stores	51458
Sucrose	Sigma	S9378-1kg
Paraformaldehyde	Sigma	P6148-500G
Phosphate buffer solution	Fisher	BP-399-4
Surgical Table	Harvard	PY2 72-2590
OCT Compound (cryoprotection)	VWR	25608-930
Superfrost Slides	Fisher	12-550-15
* Synthesized at Department of Laboratory Animal Care, SUNY Upstate Medical University. Add 1 cc [100 mg/ml] of Xylazine to 10 ml [100 mg/ml] of Ketamine.