Isolation and Culture of Endothelial Cells from the Embryonic Forebrain

Summary

This video demonstrates an easy and reliable strategy for preparation of pure cultures of endothelial cells from the embryonic forebrain within 10-12 days and will be useful for research focused on many aspects of cerebral angiogenesis.

Abstract

Embryonic brain endothelial cells can serve as an important tool in the study of angiogenesis and neurovascular development and interactions. The two vascular networks of the embryonic forebrain, pial and periventricular, are spatially distinctive and have different origins and growth patterns. Endothelial cells from the pial and periventricular vascular networks have unique gene expression profiles and functions. Here we present a step-by-step protocol for isolation, culture, and verification of pure populations of endothelial cells from the periventricular vascular network (PVECs) of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon). In this approach, telencephalon devoid of pial membrane obtained from embryonic day 15 mice is minced, digested with collagenase/dispase, and dispersed mechanically into a single cell suspension. PVECs are purified from cell suspension using positive selection with anti-CD-31/PECAM-1 antibody conjugated to MicroBeads using a strong magnetic separation method. Purified cells are cultured on collagen 1 coated culture dishes in endothelial cell culture medium until they become confluent and further subcultured. PVECs obtained with this protocol exhibit cobblestone and spindle shaped phenotypes, as visualized by phase-contrast light microscopy and fluorescence microscopy. Purity of PVEC cultures was established with endothelial cell markers. In our hands, this method reliably and consistently yields pure populations of PVECs. This protocol will benefit studies aimed at gaining mechanistic insights into forebrain angiogenesis, understanding PVEC interactions, and cross-talks with neuronal cell types and holds tremendous potential for therapeutic angiogenesis.

Introduction

Angiogenesis, neurogenesis and neuronal migration are critical events in central nervous system (CNS) development, repair and regeneration. Several elegant studies have shown that endothelial cells stimulate neuronal proliferation and vice versa through release of soluble factors and by direct contact. We found it curious that in majority of these studies^1-3, while neuronal progenitors/neural stem cells are isolated from the embryonic brain, they are cocultured with endothelial cells from the adult brain, other adult tissue sources, or with endothelial cell lines. This might in part be due to the technical difficulties associated with isolating and culturing pure populations of endothelial cells from the embryonic brain. However, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuronal migration are concurrent events occurring in orders of magnitude more robust in the embryonic brain than in the normal adult brain. The periventricular vascular network of the embryonic forebrain (telencephalon) originates from a vessel located within the basal ganglia primordium and develops in the form of an orderly gradient from ventral to dorsal telencephalon by embryonic day 11 (E11)^4,5. This plexus of vessels of the periventricular vascular network are distinct from pial vessels based on origins, anatomical location, growth patterns, and developmental regulation^4,5. The direction of propagation of the periventricular angiogenesis gradient matches the telencephalic transverse neurogenetic gradient. Within the telencephalon, the periventricular angiogenesis gradient and the gradient of GABA neurons migrating tangentially overlaps spatially as well⁶. With respect to timing, the angiogenesis gradient is in advance of the neurogenetic gradient and GABA neuron gradient by about a day. Thus, periventricular endothelial cells are spatially and temporally well positioned to provide critical cues to support telencephalic neurogenesis and neuronal migration^4,6. Therefore, use of embryonic periventricular endothelial cells in coculture experiments with neuronal progenitors and/or neurons would provide a more favorable model for studying neurovascular interactions and developing novel avenues for treatment of neurodegenerative disease or ischemic/traumatic brain injury.

We emphasize the importance of removing the pial membrane, not only to limit epithelial cell contamination but also to separate pial endothelial cells which are molecularly and functionally distinct from endothelial cells of the periventricular vascular network^4,6 (termed PVECs to distinguish from pial ECs). Here, we describe the method that we routinely use in our laboratory to obtain a rich and pure yield of PVECs. These endothelial cells are prepared from embryonic forebrains isolated from a single timed-pregnant mouse. They can be expanded, subcultured, and frozen down successfully for future use.

Protocol

1. Preparation of Reagents and Solutions

1. Coating of 35 mm culture dish: Collagen Type 1 solution is supplied as an aqueous solution in 20 mM acetic acid (~100 mg protein/vial). Dilute an appropriate volume of collagen solution to a working concentration of 0.01% using sterile tissue culture grade water. Coat dishes with 1 ml of collagen solution for 3-4 hr at room temperature (RT) or 37 °C, or overnight at 2-8 °C. Remove excess solution from the coated dish and allow it to dry overnight. Rinse the dish with tissue culture grade water or PBS before adding media. Coated dishes can be stored at 4 °C for one month.
2. Prepare complete Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM). Supplement the DMEM (500 ml) with 10% FBS and antibiotic-antimycotic solution (1x concentration; 1 ml/100 ml). Complete DMEM can be stored at 4 °C for two months.
3. Prepare an aliquot (50 ml) of DMEM with DNase I (0.001 mg/ml), (referred to as DMEM-DNase I).
4. Prepare another aliquot (10 ml) of DMEM with collagenase and dispase (1 mg/ml) (referred to as DMEM-collagenase/dispase).
5. Prepare Endothelial Cell Culture Medium (ECCM, 500 ml), supplemented with EGF (5 μg), ECGS (100 mg) and 5 μl of antibiotic-antimycotic solution. ECCM can be stored at 4 °C for two months.
6. Prewarm all media before use.
7. Prepare Purification buffer: PBS, pH 7.2 with 0.5% BSA and 2 mM EDTA. Keep buffer cold (2-8 °C).

2. Removal of Embryos and Dissection of Telencephalon

All experiments using laboratory animals are approved by the animal care and use committees of McLean Hospital and conform to NIH guidelines for the care and use of laboratory animals.

1. Use timed pregnant CD1 mice (embryonic day 15). The day of vaginal plug discovery is considered embryonic day 0 (E0). CD1 dams generally produce large litters, so 10-12 embryos are expected from a pregnant dam.
2. For hysterotomy, anesthetize pregnant mice with an intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine (100 mg/kg)/Xylazine (5 mg/kg). For mice approximately 20-30 g, deliver 0.3 ml of a 10 ml/kg Ketamine/Xylazine anesthetic solution and ensure that pain and distress is minimal during intraperitoneal injections of the anesthetic. Use hand restraint for the injections.
3. Check deep anesthesia by toe pinch. Remove embryos from deeply anesthetized mice. Decapitate each embryo immediately upon removal from the mother. Place the embryonic heads in sterile Petri dishes in ice cold PBS.
4. Follow hysterectomy by immediate euthanasia with anesthetic overdose (130 mg/kg pentobarbital, i.p.), a method for euthanasia, which is consistent with the AVMA Guidelines for the Euthanasia of Animals: 2013 Edition.
5. Under a stereo microscope, remove the brain from the head with fine microtip scissors and fine forceps. Note: A high quality dissection is essential to successfully remove the pial membrane from the embryonic brain. This is achieved by practice. Fine forceps and microtip scissors are also key tools for getting a good dissection.
6. Use the forceps to get a firm grip on the brain and the microtip scissors to peel away the pial membrane. Remove the mesencephalon and metencephalon and isolate the telencephalon. Transfer pial-free telencephalon from all embryos to a 35 mm culture dish with 2 ml PBS in ice.

3. Cell Isolation

1. Mince the telencephalon into 1-2 mm fragments with a scalpel blade and collect tissue in a 15 ml Falcon tube containing 2 ml of complete DMEM.
2. Dissociate tissue gently but thoroughly with a 1 ml pipette until clumps disappear and a milky suspension is achieved.
3. Centrifuge dissociated cells at 800-1,000 x g for 5 min at RT.
4. Carefully remove the supernatant and resuspend pellet in DMEM-DNase I. Gently dissociate the cells again using 1 ml pipette and centrifuge at 800-1,000 x g for 5 min at RT.
5. Resuspend the pellet in warm complete DMEM. Filter cells through a sterile 70 μm Nylon mesh. Collect filtered cells and keep in ice.
6. Collect the cell-portions retained on the mesh and digest further with DMEM-collagenase/dispase (2 ml) for 1-2 min at RT. Wash cells 3x in DMEM-DNase I through centrifugation at 800-1,000 x g for 5 min at RT. Pool these cells with the filtered cells collected in step 3.5. Wash total cells once with complete DMEM. Proceed to determine cell number and magnetic labeling steps. Note: It is important to obtain a single-cell suspension before magnetic labeling.

4. Magnetic Labeling

1. This protocol shows the magnetic labeling of 10⁷ cells. For cell numbers lower than 10⁷, use the same reagent volume and for cell numbers greater than 10⁷, scale up all reagent volumes and total volumes accordingly (e.g. for 2 x 10⁷ total cells, use twice the volume of all indicated reagents). Keep all the reagents and cells in ice.
2. Determine cell number with a hemocytometer.
3. Centrifuge cell suspension at 300 x g for 10 min at RT. Aspirate supernatant completely.
4. Add 90 μl/10⁷ cells of purification buffer to the cell pellet followed by 10 μl of CD31 MicroBeads. The Microbeads provided by manufacturer are conjugated to monoclonal anti-mouse CD31 antibody.
5. Mix well and incubate for 15 min in the refrigerator. Note: Higher temperatures and/or longer incubation time during magnetic labeling may result in nonspecific binding.
6. Wash cells by adding 1-2 ml/10⁷ cells of purification buffer and centrifuge at 300 x g for 10 min. Remove supernatant and resuspend cells in 500 μl of purification buffer. Proceed to magnetic separation or purification step.

5. Purification

1. Place MS column in the magnetic field of MACS Separator.
2. Rinse column with 500 μl of purification buffer.
3. Apply cell suspension onto the column. Load appropriate number of cells to MS column as higher cell number may clog the column. Caution: Each MS column can accommodate a maximum number of 2 x 10⁷ cells, for a higher cell number, use more columns.
4. Collect and discard flow-through containing unlabeled cells.
5. Wash column with 500 μl of purification buffer three times. During wash steps, make sure that the column reservoir is empty before adding subsequent purification buffer aliquots.
6. Remove column from the MACS separator and place it on a 15 ml Falcon tube.
7. A plunger is supplied along with the MS column. Pipette 1 ml of purification buffer onto the MS column and immediately flush out the magnetically labeled cells by firmly pushing the plunger into the column.
8. Plate cells on a 35 mm culture dish precoated with collagen Type 1 and grow cells in ECCM in an incubator set to 37 °C with 95% O₂ and 5% CO₂.
9. Change the medium every four days. Use PVECs for experiments or subculture after 10-12 days when the dish is confluent.

6. Subculture of PV ECS

1. Remove the ECCM and rinse the monolayer of PVECS with 1-2 ml of sterile PBS.
2. Gently add 1.5 ml of 0.25% Trypsin-EDTA solution to cover the cell monolayer.
3. Return the dish to the incubator. Within 5-7 min, cells will detach from the surface of the dish.
4. After the cells have detached, immediately add an equal volume of trypsin inhibitor and triturate several times.
5. Transfer the cells to a sterile 15 ml Falcon tube. Centrifuge the tube at 500 x g for 5 min.
6. Remove the supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 1 ml of prewarmed ECCM.
7. Seed the cells for expanding the culture, imaging or other assays.

Results

The phenotypic characterization of PVECs from day 1-12 is shown by phase-contrast light microscopy (Figure 2). The cells attached to the dish on day 1 show morphology characteristic of cell division (Figure 2A). Between 5-8 days, PVECs transition from cobble stone to spindle shaped morphology typical for endothelial cells and more akin to its in vivo state (Figures 2B and 2C). By day 12 the PVEC culture achieves full confluence (Figure 2...

Discussion

PVEC's are more physiologically relevant than adult brain endothelial cells and ECs from other tissue sources for studies focusing on neurovascular interactions and also have therapeutic potential. For PVEC preparation, it is critical beginning with dissection to work fast to achieve a good viability since dead cells may bind nonspecifically to CD31 MicroBeads. In addition, if single-cell suspension is not achieved prior to the magnetic labeling step, this will result in troubleshooting since cell clumps will clog th...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
DNase I	Sigma	D-4527
Collagen, Type 1 solution from rat tail	Sigma	C3867
DPBS	Quality Biologicals	114057-131
EDTA	Fisher Scientific	M4055
BSA	Sigma	A2058
MS column	Miltenyi Biotech	130-042-201
CD31 microbeads	Miltenyi Biotech	130-097-418
MACS separator	Miltenyi Biotech	130-042-102
MACS multi stand	Miltenyi Biotech	130-042-303
Cell strainer 70 µm	BD Bioscience	352350
Antibiotic and antimycotic solution	Sigma	A5955
FBS	Sigma	F4135
Collagenase/Dispase	Roche	10269638001
DMEM	Lonza	12-604F
35 mm Culture dish	BD Bioscience	353001
15 ml Falcon tube	BD Bioscience	352097
50 ml Falcon tube	BD Bioscience	352098
ECCM kit	BD Bioscience	355054	Kit Includes Endothelial cell growth supplement, EGF, and Soybean Trypsin Inhibitor
Endothelial Cell Growth Supplement (ECGS)	BD Bioscience	354006
RBECGM	Cell Applications	R819-500
DMEM F12	Life Technologies	10565-018
GlutaMAX	Life Technologies	305050-061
Tissue culture grade water	Life Technologies	15230162
0.25% Trypsin	Life Technologies	15050
Soybean trypsin inhibitor	BD Bioscience	5425
Matrigel	BD Bioscience	354234
Qtracker 655 Cell Labeling Kit	Life Technologies	Q25021
CellLight Plasma Membrane-RFP, BacMam 2.0	Life Technologies	C10608
Biotinylated Isolectin B4 antibody	Sigma	L2140
Anti-Von Willebrand factor	Sigma	F3520
Anti-CD31/PECAM-1	BD Pharmingen	550274
VECTASHIELD Hardset Mounting Media with DAPI	Vector Laboratories	H-1500
Ketamine	Butler Schein Animal Health Supply	44028
Xylazine	Lloyd Laboratories	1009
Stereomicroscope	Motic	SMZ-168
Hemocytometer	Fisher Scientific	267110
Inverted microscope	Olympus CK-40	CK-40
Fluorescent microscope	Olympus FSX-100	FSX-100
Fine forceps	Roboz Surgical Instrument	7 inox
Fine microtip scissors	Roboz Surgical Instrument	RS5611