Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models

Summary

The dry-land Barnes maze is widely used to measure spatial navigation ability in response to mildly aversive stimuli. Over consecutive days, performance (e.g. latency to locate escape cage) of control subjects improves, indicative of normal learning and memory. Differences between rats and mice necessitate apparatus and methodology changes that are detailed here.

Abstract

Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g. bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g. distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e. random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g. shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.

Introduction

Spatial learning and memory in laboratory rodents was first assessed with food-deprived rats that navigated a maze of alleyways to locate a food reinforcer¹. Several decades later, a spatial reference memory system was proposed². In contrast to working memory which refers to memory within a test session or trial, reference memory refers to memory across test sessions or trials and is more closely related to long-term memory.

Several types of mazes have been developed as noninvasive assessments of this hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory in small and large rodents (e.g. water maze, multiple T....

Protocol

1. Barnes Maze Procedure for Small Rodents

1. Turn on the overhead lights above the maze and place "Do Not Enter" signs on the outside of the lab door.
2. Bring mice in their normal home cages to the test room approximately 30 min prior to beginning the first trial to permit habituation. If the room is quiet, it may not be necessary to include white noise, otherwise this precautionary measure may be considered.
3. Set up the tracking program.
4. Gently remove the first mouse from its home cage and place in the tall covered plastic box. Place its escape (clean home) polypropylene cage (29 cm x 19 cm x 13 cm) under the designated es....

Results

Sexually mature male deer mice are dependent upon enhanced spatial navigational ability to locate potential breeding partners, which are widely disseminated throughout the environment. Both prenatal and adult exposure to testosterone are essential in organizing and activating this later adult male behavior⁵³. As such, it was presumed that early exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds might disturb this later trait in males. To test this hypothesis, male and female deer mice were developmentally exposed .......

Discussion

Critical steps in Barnes maze testing procedures include: 1) providing the proper mildly aversive stimulus to motivate the animal to locate the escape cage, 2) ensuring uniform conditions are maintained across the animal trials (e.g. test time, testing personnel, external noise control, and other stimuli that might affect performance), 3) if trials are video recorded, optimizing and ensuring proper video recording and file back up, and 4) cleaning of the maze with 70% ethanol to remove olfactory cues betwee.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
NOTE: Those items that are for small rodents only are bolded. Those items that are for large rodents only are italicized. Items neither bolded nor italicized are for both.
Barnes Maze platform with 12 or 20 escape holes every 30°. For rats, each hole is 10.5 cm in diameter and 4 cm from the maze top edge. For use with automated tracking programs, a black top for white rodents or a white top for pigmented rodents is needed. For mice and rats, this circular top is 95 and 122 cm in diameter, respectively.	US Plastics Corp, Lima, OH	42625	This is the top of the Barnes Maze and the surface that the rodent is placed upon. It can be constructed from a variety of materials (e.g., Plexiglas), but for endocrine disruptor work, polypropylene BPA-free material is optimal. One of the holes leads to the an escape cage; all other holes are blind-ending or false-bottomed. For the rat maze, small slides on the underside of the maze platform allow the escape cage and false bottoms to slide in.
2 in Polypropylene pipe plug (24) 2 in 90° Black polypropylene elbow (12) 2 in x 6 in Polypropylene pipe nipple (1)	US Plastics Corp, Lima, OH	30724 32086 30712	These are only necessary for the small rodent (e.g. mouse) Barnes Maze. These adaptations are either blind-ending tubes/elbows or one of the tubes is connected to the pipe nipple that then leads to the escape cage.
False bottoms for rat Barnes Maze			These were custom made of ABS plastic and vacuum molded for the rat maze apparatus.
Circular aluminum wall/barrier (50 cm high) around the maze	Ace Hardware, Columbia, MO		In the case of small rodents (e.g., mice), this barrier prevents them from falling off the maze; the rat apparatus generally does not require this. The wall may not be needed for laboratory mice that are relatively tame.
Support stand for maze platform top	US Plastics Corp, Lima, OH	42625	The stand supports the maze platform top such that it is elevated above the floor (typically, 70-100 cm) to motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. The stand can be constructed of any material.
White noise	SleepMate Sound Conditioner, Marpac, Rocky Point, NC	980A	Background noise may be used to block out peripheral acoustic cues that may confound Barnes Maze testing across trials and animals
Light fixtures and 300-500 W bulbs encased in aluminum shells. For example, Utilitech 500 W halogen portable work lights.	Ace Hardware or Lowes		Bright lights provide a mildly aversive stimulus which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. The lights are generally suspended ~150 cm above the maze top.
Escape cage. For small rodents, this can be a polypropylene cage (27.8 cm x 7.5 cm x 13 cm).	Ancare, Bellmore, NY	N40 PP	The rat escape cage here was custom built and has a ramp leading into the escape cage.
Opaque tube (rats only) (27 cm diameter; 23 cm height) with a piece of thick cardboard to cover the top.			The tube is placed in the center of the maze and the rat is placed into the tube from the top which is covered with the cardboard. A handle on the outside of the tube allows easier lifting of the tube, which then begins the trial. The tube can be constructed of any material, but should be opaque.
High resolution video camera (e.g., Panasonic Digital Video Camera)	Panasonic, Secaucus, NJ	ICV19458	The video camera is positioned overhead and records trials for later analysis.
Extra- or intra-maze geometric cues made of high quality cardboard construction paper	any office supply store, such as Staples		These visual cues orient the animal within the maze environment, providing cues as to the spatial location of the escape cage; in rats, extra-maze cues on the walls work well, whereas in small rodents that require a wall around the maze, intra-maze cues must be used.
Black curtain to surround the maze (small rodents only)	any fabric and crafts store, such as Jo-Ann Fabrics		A black curtain is used in small rodents (especially wild species, e.g. Peromyscus) to maintain attention within the maze confines.
70% Ethanol	Fisher Scientific	BP2818-4	After each trial, the maze top and escape cage are cleaned to eliminate potential odor cues for consecutively tested rodents.
Tracking software program, such as Ethovision, and computer with appropriate video card and substantial (1 TB or more) hard-drive space. Alternatively, videos can be recorded directly to the computer for later analysis using a program such as Win TV (Hauppauge Computer Works, Inc.).	Noldus (Leesburg, VA)		Tracking software is required to analyze trials for latency to locate the escape cage, velocity, distance traveled, time spent resting, time spent moving, time spent in the correct versus incorrect quadrants, time spent around the escape hole, number of errors or entries into incorrect holes, and overall search strategy employed to find the escape cage.
External hard drives, such as Seagate or WD, with a minimum 1-2 TB of memory	Any office supply store, such as Staples.		Videorecordings should be backed up in at least one separate location.
Videorecording program, e.g. WinTV program	Hauppauge Computer Works, Inc., Hauppauge, NY		If tracking software is not available at the time of the testing, the trials should be video-recorded for later analysis