Real-Time Impedance-based Cell Analyzer as a Tool to Delineate Molecular Pathways Involved in Neurotoxicity and Neuroprotection in a Neuronal Cell Line

Summary

Improved in vitro neurotoxicity assays would aid the identification of new neuroprotective compounds. The utility of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine cytotoxicity and cytoprotection in neuronal cell lines and to delineate the involvement of second messenger pathways, thus gaining insight in the mechanism of neuroprotection is presented.

Abstract

Many brain-related disorders have neuronal cell death involved in their pathophysiology. Improved in vitro models to study neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of drugs and downstream pathways involved would help gain insight into the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection/neurotoxicity and could potentially facilitate drug development. However, many existing in vitro toxicity assays have major limitations – most assess neurotoxicity and neuroprotection at a single time point, not allowing to observe the time-course and kinetics of the effect. Furthermore, the opportunity to collect information about downstream signaling pathways involved in neuroprotection in real-time would be of great importance. In the current protocol we describe the use of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine neuroprotective effects of serotonin 2A (5-HT_2A) receptor agonists in a neuronal cell line under label-free and real-time conditions using impedance measurements. Furthermore, we demonstrate that inhibitors of second messenger pathways can be used to delineate downstream molecules involved in the neuroprotective effect. We also describe the utility of this technique to determine whether an effect on cell proliferation contributes to an observed neuroprotective effect. The system utilizes special microelectronic plates referred to as E-Plates which contain alternating gold microelectrode arrays on the bottom surface of the wells, serving as cell sensors. The impedance readout is modified by the number of adherent cells, cell viability, morphology, and adhesion. A dimensionless parameter called Cell Index is derived from the electrical impedance measurements and is used to represent the cell status. Overall, the real-time impedance-based cell analyzer allows for real-time, label-free assessment of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity, and the evaluation of second messenger pathways involvement, contributing to more detailed and high-throughput assessment of potential neuroprotective compounds in vitro, for selecting therapeutic candidates.

Introduction

Neuronal cell death plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of many brain-related disorders¹. The availability of reliable and high-throughput in vitro toxicity assays is critical to gain better insight into the mechanisms of neurotoxicity and to help select neuroprotective molecules as therapeutic candidates in drug development². However, there are many limitations to most widely used in vitro neurotoxicity assays.They assess neurotoxicity/neuroprotection at a single time-point not allowing kinetic resolution; often use label or probe which can interfere with the signaling pathways and limit additional studies in the same cell population, and are often labor-intensive, and in many cases do not provide mechanistic insight. In the present study we demonstrate the utility of a real-time impedance-based cell analyzer to determine neurotoxicity and neuroprotection in a neuronal cell line in real-time and under label-free conditions and to provide insight into downstream mechanisms through analysis of second messenger pathways involved in the effect.

Previous studies have confirmed the validity of the real-time cell analyzer to determine cytotoxicity as well as effects on cell proliferation in cell lines in comparison with standard techniques^3,4,5,6. For example, a good correlation was observed between readouts of the standard cell viability WST-1 assay and Cell Index values at several time points under basal proliferation conditions and after two different toxic paradigms in HeLa cells³. In A549 and MDA-MB-231 cells proliferation and cytotoxicity provoked with the microtubule stabilizer paclitaxel showed very similar values when assessed by Cell Index measurements and the standardly used sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay⁴. In the neuronal cell line of immortalized hippocampal neurons HT-22 Cell Index measurements were validated for their ability to detect cell proliferation, glutamate cytotoxicity and cytoprotection against the widely used 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyltetrazolium-bromide (MTT) assay⁵. In the same study the MTT assay results and Cell Index measurements also correlated well in measuring neuronal progenitor cells proliferation, cytotoxicity after growth factors deprivation and rescue of cytotoxicity by the pan-caspase inhibitor QVD⁵. Cytotoxicity induced in NIH 3T3 cells by Vandetanib (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor) showed similar results measured with Cell Index values or neutral red uptake assay⁶.

We have recently used the real-time cell analyzer system to assess neuroprotective effects of the serotonin 2A (5-HT_2A) receptor agonist (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine hydrochloride (DOI) in a neuronal cell line (SK-N-SH cells) and screened for the involvement of second messenger pathways through monitoring the effect of their chemical inhibition on the observed neuroprotection⁷. Interestingly, the 5-HT_2A receptor has both hallucinogenic and nonhallucinogenic agonists (like DOI and lisuride, respectively), which may activate both common and distinct second messenger pathways⁸.

The advantages of the presented technique are that it allows to collect real-time information on cell survival in the course of days, to delineate second-messenger pathways involved, to assess the possible contribution of proliferation effects to neuroprotection, and to select an optimal time for additional end-point studies on the same cell population. A schematic diagram of the workflow in the current protocol is presented in Figure 1.

Protocol

1. Preparation

1. Place the real-time cell analyzer’s station in a tissue culture incubator set at 37 °C and with 5% CO₂. Carry out all cell culture handling and pharmacological treatments in a tissue culture hood under sterile conditions.
2. NOTE: Neuronal cell lines requiring different temperature settings compared to standard conditions for culture, should be adjusted accordingly. For weakly adherent cell lines, use coating agents to facilitate the interaction of cells with the gold microelectrodes in the bottom of the wells of the E-Plate 96.
3. Prepare 1,000X stock solutions of the pharmacological compounds for cell culture treatment (neuroprotective agents or second messenger pathways inhibitors in the appropriate solvent – dimethylsulfoxide or sterile water) and store them at -20 °C. Use the solvent as vehicle in the following treatments.
4. Culture human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) (proliferation medium) in cell culture flasks with 175 cm² surface to density of about 75%. Keep cell passage number within a range (of about 10 passages) to ascertain consistency between experiments in terms of rate of cell proliferation and response to cytotoxicity. Lower passage numbers are preferred.
5. Wash the adherent SK-N-SH cell layer with PBS, and trypsinize with 0.05% trypsin-EDTA solution for 5 min at 37 ˚C. Centrifuge the cells at 170 × g for 5 min to remove trypsin. Resuspend the cells in 10 ml proliferation medium. Count the cells with Scepter cell counter and adjust cell number to 300,000 cells/ml by diluting cells with proliferation medium.

2. Plating and Proliferation of SK-N-SH Cells

1. Add 100 µl proliferation medium to each well of the E-Plate 96 and leave it for 30 min in the tissue culture hood at RT to equilibrate. Insert the E-Plate 96 in the real-time cell analyzer station in the CO₂ incubator at 37 °C.
2. Start the real-time cell analyzer software. On the Layout page select the wells included in the experiment and enter in the edit boxes the information about cell type, cell number, names and concentrations of chemical compounds used for cell treatment.
   NOTE: For the purposes of this protocol at least 4 replicates are recommended for each treatment.
3. On the Schedule software page determine “Steps” included in the experiment, by selecting the number of sweeps measuring Cell Index and the interval between sweeps for each step. Since Step 1 is predetermined for background measurement, select “Add a step” and set Step 2 to measure the Cell Index every 15 min for 96 hr.
   NOTE: For treatments, in which effects with fast kinetics are expected, set sweeps at shorter intervals.
4. Click Start to initiate the automatically predetermined Step 1 and measure the background impedance of the media. This value is automatically subtracted by the software at each data point once the cells are added to the wells.
5. Use the previously prepared in step 1.5) cell suspension of 300,000 cells/ml in proliferation medium. 30,000 cells/well for cell toxicity/neuroprotection studies and 15,000 cells/well for cell proliferation studies. Take out the E-Plate and add 100 µl cell suspension per well for cell toxicity/neuroprotection studies and add 50 µl cell suspension and 50 µl proliferation medium per well for cell proliferation studies. The number of cells plated per well needs to be optimized for each cell line empirically.
6. Gently swirl the E-Plate 96 for even plating of the cells. Leave the E-Plate 96 for 30 min in the tissue culture hood at RT to allow the cells settle evenly to the bottom of the wells.
7. Insert the E-Plate 96 in the real-time cell analyzer station and start Step 2 on the Schedule page. Monitor Cell Index values throughout the experiment by viewing the cell curves on the Plot page and the raw Cell Index data on the Cell Index page of the software.

3. Serum Deprivation

1. 24 hr after plating the cells, pause the experiment, and remove the E-Plate 96 from the real-time cell analyzer station. Dilute second messenger inhibitors from 1,000X stocks with DMEM/F12 serum-free medium – to 200× the final concentration. Treat cells with 1 μl inhibitors of second messenger pathways to be tested for their involvement in neurotoxicity/neuroprotection 30 min before initiating cytotoxicity, to inhibit the respective pathways. Return the E-Plate 96 to the station and resume experimental Cell Index measurements.
2. After 30 min pause the experiment again. Carefully remove proliferation medium fully from the E-Plate 96 wells with a pipette (or multi-channel pipette), taking care not to disrupt the adherent cell layer by directing the edge of the pipette tip to the corner of the well. Add 200 µl/well of serum-free DMEM/F12 medium (serum deprivation medium). Ensure rapid exchange of cell culture medium to minimize mechanical agitation of the cells.
3. Dilute compounds to be tested for their neuroprotective effects from 1,000X stock with serum-free DMEM/F12 medium to 200× the final concentration. Add 1 μl compounds to be tested for their neuroprotective effects and 1 μl inhibitors of second messenger pathways in the individual wells according to the experimental plan.
4. In cells for proliferation studies do not change medium. Dilute compounds to be tested from 1,000X stock to 200× the final concentration in proliferation medium, treat with 1 μl per well and continue to culture in proliferation medium.
5. Resume the experiment to continue with Cell Index measurements every 15 min for 96 hr as previously set.

4. Data Analysis

1. For neurotoxicity/neuroprotection data normalize Cell Index to the last time point before pharmacological treatment or medium change to reduce variation between experiments by selecting “normalized Cell Index” and “normalize Time” on the Plot page.
2. Highlight the wells on the Plot page for the experimental conditions of interest and click “Add” to plot the normalized Cell Index curves. Observe the kinetics of the neurotoxic/neuroprotective effect, or of second messengers inhibition as normalized Cell Index curves as a function of time.
3. Observe the Cell Index curves for the tested drug treatments in proliferation medium as a function of time to assess whether an effect on proliferation is involved in the neuroprotective/neurotoxic effect.
4. Export the experimental info for all Cell Index time points from the Cell Index software page into an Excel file to initiate statistical evaluation of the results
   NOTE: As an initial step in the statistical analysis a set of modified MATLAB programs that use the Welch's t-test, with the p-value plotted semilogarithmically, utilize inverted axis against the time scale (provided as supplementary code files). These programs allow detection of p-values over the time-course of an entire real-time cell analyzer experiment, and thus aid the selection of time points for more detailed statistical analysis. See the supplementary material for detailed information on the programs.
5. For statistical analysis of differences in Cell Index values under different treatment conditions at specific time points, select Cell Index values at respective time points from the exported Excel file. Analyze the Cell Index values for the selected time points with one-way or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by a post-hoc test using statistical software.

Results

Serum deprivation leads to decrease in Cell Index values, which can be monitored continuously with the real-time cell analyzer

Neurotoxic stimuli to the cells lead to a decrease in Cell Index values, which can be monitored in real-time with the presented technique and the dynamics of which is dependent on the specific neurotoxic stimulus and the cell type studied. Figure 2 demonstrates the increase in Cell Index when SK-N-SH cells are grown in proliferation me...

Discussion

The current protocol presents the utility of a real-time cell analyzer to assess continuously and under label-free conditions the neuroprotective/neurotoxic effects of compounds in neuronal cell lines and to gain insight into the second messenger pathways involved in the effect.

Even though the real-time cell analyzer’s utility to study cytotoxicity and effects of drugs on cell proliferation is generally recognized, only a few studies have used it in neuronal related cell types. We have ...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
xCELLigence  RTCA SP system bundle	ACEA Biosciences	No: 00380601030	Consists of RTCA Analyzer, RTCA SP Station and RTCA Control Unit
E-plate 96	ACEA Biosciences	No: 05232368001	For culturing the cells, inserted in the RTCA SP Station
SK-N-SH cells	ATCC (in partnership with LGC Standards)	HTB-11	Can be replaced by another adherent neuronal cell line of interest
DMEM/F12	Sigma-Aldrich	D8437	Cell culture medium
Fetal bovine serum	Life Technologies	16140-063	Supplements proliferation, but not serum deprivation medium
Tissue culture flask T175	Sarstedt	83.1812.302	For culturing cells, which will be later plated on the E-Plate 96
0.05% Trypsin-EDTA	Life Technologies	25300-054	For trypsinization of cells cultured in tissue culture flasks
Scepter 2.0 cell counter	Merck Millipore	PHCC20060	Automated cell counter
Phosphate-buffered saline	Life Technologies	10010-015	For washing the cells
(±)-DOI hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich	D101	5-HT2A agonist for cell culture treatment
LY-294002 hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich	L9908	PI3-K inhibitor for cell culture treatment
Lisuride maleate	Tocris Bioscience	4052	Compound with 5-HT2A agonistic activity for cell culture treatment
Dimethyl sulfoxide	Sigma-Aldrich	D4540	For dissolving LY-294002 and lisuride maleate