The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

Summary

The goal of this protocol is to perform a behavioral assay such as the attentional set shifting task (AST) to assess prefrontal cortex-mediated cognitive flexibility in mice.

Abstract

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder. Deficits in cognitive function also represent the most difficult symptom domain to successfully treat, as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants have only modest effects. Functional neuroimaging studies and postmortem analysis of human brain tissue implicate the PFC as being a primary region of dysregulation in patients with these disorders. However, preclinical behavioral assays used to assess these deficits in mouse models which can be readily manipulated genetically and could provide the basis for studies of new treatment avenues have been underutilized. Here we describe the adaptation of a behavioral assay, the attentional set shifting task (AST), to be performed in mice to assess prefrontal cortex mediated cognitive deficits. The neural circuits underlying behavior during the AST are highly conserved across humans, nonhuman primates and rodents, providing excellent face, construct and predictive validity.

Introduction

The attentional set shifting task (AST) was developed as a measure of attention and cognitive flexibility in rats over a decade ago^1,2. AST is modeled after the intradimensional /extradimensional component of the Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) which is used to identify cognitive dysfunction in humans and non-human primates^3,4. While the ability to learn simple rules remains intact, deficits in learning to modify a response when the rules have changed are found in patients suffering from a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders (i.e., schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, depression), neurodegenerative....

Protocol

NOTE: Animals used in this study are male C57Bl/6J mice between 4 and 6 months of age for optimal results. Mice are maintained on a reverse light cycle in order to conveniently test them during the active (dark) phase. If behavior is performed in a room separate from housing, mice are allowed at least 1 hr to acclimate following transportation to the testing room. Behavioral testing is performed under red light conditions minimize disruption to the normal activity of the mice as little as possible while still allowing the experimenter adequate illumination to visually monitor the testing session.

NOTE: All aspects of the exp....

Results

The typical dependent measure in this test is the number of trials per stage to meet criterion (or 8 correct consecutive choices). Figure 4A shows the average number of trials to meet criterion at each stage in untreated C57BL/6J using the AST. As mice form an attentional set on the relevant cue dimension (odor or media), performance will improve, as indicated by a reduction in trials to meet criterion in successive intradimensional shifts, and the reversal stages and the extradimensional shift will requ.......

Discussion

Deficits in cognitive flexibility mediated by the PFC represent a significant disability associated with a variety of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, and can have a major impact on outcomes and quality of life of individuals suffering from these disorders. Optimization of the AST for use in mice is vital to investigating the genetic underpinnings in diseases coupled to prefrontal cortical mediated cognitive dysfunction. We have found that the method described above is a reliable measure of a specific cogniti.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Testing Chamber			Fabricated in-house, specifications can be found in protocol
3 oz. Ramekins	BIA Cordon Bleu	900002S12	Purchased on amazon.com
Essential Oils:	Fronteir Natural Products Co-Op		Purchased on http://www.frontiercoop.com/prodlist.php?ct=anpceoeo
Clove Bud		191114
Red Thyme		191140
Lemon		190810
Cinnamon Leaf		191111
Rosemary		191133
Citronella Java		191112
Vanilla in jojoba oil		191231
Anise Seed		191102
Ginger		191121
Nutmeg		191161
Filter Paper, 9.0 cm diameter	VWR International	28310-048	Purchased on https://us.vwr.com/
Digging Media
Raffia	Ashland 8 oz Raffia		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ Cut into 1/2" to 1" strips
Green Felt	Creatology Basic Felt Forest/Dark Green 36 in x 36 in		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares
Brown foam	Creatology Fun Foam 18 x 12 in sheets (light brown/tan)		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ cut into 1/2 cm x 2 cm rectangles
Crepe paper (yellow)	Celebrate It Paper Crinkle 4 oz yellow jumbo		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ Cut into 1/2" to 1" strips
Ribbon (turqoise)	Celebrate It Wide Ribbon 4 in x 10 yd 100% polyester		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ cut into 1 cm x 1 cm squares
Metallic	Celebrate It Metallic Crinkle Gold 2 oz		Purchased on http://www.michaels.com/ Cut into 1/2" to 1" strips
Googly Eyes, 4 mm		ME4144	Purchased on http://factorydirectcraft.com/index.php
Black Sequins, 3 mm		8780BK
Pink Pom Poms, 1/4 inch		1018221
Pipe Cleaners, red		108430
Bedding material/sawdust			Obtained from in-house animal resources
Timer	Control Company	5000	Purchased on http://www.control3.com/5000p.htm
Lightly sweetened dry breakfast cereal loops	HEB		Honey nut toasted oats used in the protocol described, any lightly sweet coated breakfast cereal is recommended