Mammosphere Formation Assay from Human Breast Cancer Tissues and Cell Lines

Summary

Floating mammosphere assays can investigate the subset of stem-like breast cancer cells that survive in suspension conditions and show enhanced tumorigenesis when implanted into mice. This protocol provides a convenient in vitro measure of sphere-forming ability, a proxy for in vivo tumorigenesis, while facilitating analysis of the stem-associated transcriptional landscape.

Abstract

Similar to healthy tissues, many blood and solid malignancies are now thought to be organised hierarchically, with a subset of stem-like cancer cells that self-renew while giving rise to more differentiated progeny. Understanding and targeting these cancer stem cells in breast cancer, which may possess enhanced chemo- and radio-resistance compared to the non-stem tumor bulk, has become an important research area. Markers including CD44, CD24, and ALDH activity can be assessed using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) to prospectively isolate cells that display enhanced tumorigenicity when implanted into immunocompromised mice: the mammosphere assay has also become widely used for its ability to retrospectively identify sphere-forming cells that develop from single stem cell-like clones. Here we outline approaches for the appropriate culturing of mammospheres from cell lines or primary patient samples, their passaging, and calculations to estimate sphere forming efficiency (SFE). First we discuss key considerations and pitfalls in the appropriate planning and interpretation of mammosphere experiments.

Introduction

The existence of tumor cell lineages headed by stem-like cancer stem cells has greatly added to our understanding of tumor heterogeneity. While some phenotypic diversity in tumors does arise from the clonal outgrowth of genetically distinct clones, a substantial component appears to result from epigenetic differences: cancer cells can transition (sometimes reversibly) between stem, progenitor, and differentiated states via activation or repression of specific gene expression programs^1–3. This may reflect cell intrinsic or extrinsic factors, reflecting the gene expression program currently being expressed in a cell with its resultant autocrine signalling in conjunction with paracrine signalling from neighboring cancer, stromal or immune cells delivering modulatory factors, and microenviromental conditions such as the degree of hypoxia^2,4,5.

Although innovative lineage tracing approaches are advancing our ability to study putative cancer stem cells in their in vivo niche^6–8, sphere-forming assays remain a popular and convenient approach to estimate breast cancer cells’ potential to behave like stem cells, at least under the assay conditions used. It is often used alongside retrospective methods for purifying cancer stem cells, by their expression of membrane markers CD44 and CD24⁹, and activity levels of the enzyme ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase)¹⁰, markers that have been proposed to correspond to more mesenchymal- and epithelial-like cancer stem cells respectively¹¹. The sphere formation approach was first developed as the neurosphere assay, enabling the growth of putative stem cells from single clones in non-adherent, serum free conditions with the addition of epithelial growth factor (EGF)¹², later being usefully applied to normal and cancerous breast tissues.

The identity of the sphere-forming founder cell, and the mixed cell types making up the sphere mass, are relevant for the inferences that can be made from mammo-, or other-sphere forming assays. Long-term quiescent bone fide stem cells, thought to rest in G0 phase, will not experience the precise combination of factors that would favor activation in vivo. The mammosphere assay instead enables the growth of cells either poised for mitotic division or already dividing¹³. These progenitors, although not a truly quiescent cell, may be the cell stage that proliferates with the EGF and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mitogens used in the assay. Nevertheless, they contain a range of activated stem cell-associated signalling pathways¹⁴. In addition, the rate of their formation relates to the tumorigenicity of the tissue they were taken from, when measured by their potency in limited dilution assays in mouse xenografts^2,15,16.

Here we provide detailed protocols to isolate single cells and generate primary mammospheres from both human breast cancer cell lines and clinical samples of breast tumors. We also describe how to perform serial passages of primary mammospheres to assess self-renewal, and how to calculate sphere forming efficiency that allows comparison across different seeding densities (see scheme in Figure 1).

Protocol

The procedures below have been ethically approved by Imperial College, London.

1. Generation of Primary Mammospheres from Human Breast Cancer Cell Lines

NOTE: Perform the following steps under a sterile culture hood.

1. Prepare Mammosphere Media containing DMEM/F12 supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, 100 U/ml penicillin, 100 U/ml streptomycin. Prepare complete media immediately before use by adding 20 ng/ml recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF; Sigma), 10 ng/ml recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF; R&D Systems) and 1x B27 supplement.
2. Aspirate media from flask containing adherent MCF-7 or MDA-MB-231 cells (or a breast cancer cell line of your choice; 70-80% confluence), wash twice in 1x PBS, and trypsinize cells.
3. Centrifuge cells at 200 x g at room temperature for 5 min. Decant supernatant and resuspend cells in 1-5 ml of mammosphere media. Pipette up and down and if necessary use a 40 µm cell strainer cap filter to obtain single-cell suspension. Use a hemocytometer to ensure a single cell suspension has formed (if not, use a 25 G needle to syringe the cell suspension up to 3 times).
4. If necessary isolate CD44+CD24- cellular subset via FACS using anti-CD24-phycoerythrin (PE) and anti-CD44-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) monoclonal antibodies⁹. Alternatively, isolate such population using a magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) system with anti-CD44 and anti-CD24-biotin combined microbeads as per manufacturer’s instructions. Perform positive selection using LS columns, and negative selection using LD columns and confirm the phenotypes of all isolated cells by flow cytometry¹⁷.
5. Calculate the number of viable cells per ml using trypan blue.
   NOTE: Cell viability is calculated as the number of viable cells divided by the total number of cells within the grids on the hemocytometer. Cells that take up trypan blue are considered non-viable. The following procedure is used to accurately determine proportion of viable cells.
   1. Prepare a 0.4% solution of trypan blue in PBS. Add 0.1 ml of trypan blue stock solution to 1 ml of cells. Load a hemocytometer and examine immediately under a microscope at low magnification. Count the number of total cells and the number of blue staining cells.
      Viable cells = [1.00 – (Number of blue cells ÷ Number of total cells)] × 100.
   2. To calculate the number of viable cells per ml of culture, use the formula below. Remember to correct for the dilution factor.
      Number of viable cells × 10⁴ × 1.1 = cells/ml culture
6. Resuspend a pre-determined amount of cells in 2 ml of complete mammosphere media in each well of a 6-well ultra-low adherent plate. The seeding density is normally 500-4,000 cells/cm² cell per well. Optionally use low attachment 24-well plates while seeding cells at the same density in 0.5 ml of media.
   NOTE: We recommend optimization of seeding density and time of culture for each cell lines of interest.
7. Incubate ultra low-attachment 6-well plates at 37 °C and 5% CO₂ for 5-10 days (depending on the cell line and the size of mammospheres) without disturbing the plates, particularly during the growth phase of the first 5 days.

2. Generation of Primary Mammospheres from Human Breast Cancer Clinical Samples

NOTE: Human breast cancer tissue can be obtained from patients undergoing surgery for the removal of breast tumors. Store tissue on ice for up to 24 hr in 50 ml sterile tubes in culture media containing 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 U/ml streptomycin. Perform the following steps under a sterile culture hood.

1. Transfer the sample into a 100 mm tissue Petri dish with a small volume of media. Remove the adipose tissue using sterile scissors, scapel and tweezers.
2. Add 2-3 ml of DMEM/F12 and mince the sample into 1 mm³ pieces with a sterile scapel or razor blade until no large pieces remain.
3. Resuspend the tissue pieces in pre-warmed 10 ml DMEM containing proteolytic enzymes (3,000 U/ml collagenase and 1,000 U/ml hyaluronidase) and incubate at 37 °C in a rotary shaker until all the tissue fragments are digested. Usually complete digestion takes from 1-3 hr. Adjust the digestion time according to pathological characters of tumors. (For example breast adenocarcinoma is usually harder to digest compared to mucinous carcinoma which is more fragile and needs shorter digestion time). Assess the degree of digestion every ½ hour by observing 20 µl suspension under hemocytometer.
4. Allow the fragments to sediment for 5 min, then transfer the supernatant in a 15 ml conical polypropylene tube and centrifuge at 200 x g for 10 min at room temperature. Carefully decant off the supernatant and resuspend cells in 1 - 5 ml of mammosphere media.
5. Follow the steps 1.1-1.4 described above for cell lines to obtain and plate single cell suspensions. Pass cells through the 25 G syringe a maximum of 2 times if necessary to limit damaging cells.

3. Mammosphere Forming Efficiency (%) Calculation

1. After the culture period, count the mammospheres (greater than 40 µm) diameter under a microscope at 40X magnification. Digitally image 5 random fields using a digital camera on a light microscope and determine the mammospheres size using the acquisition software. Use any Image Analysis Software.
2. Calculate Mammosphere Forming Efficiency (MFE%) using the following equation:
   MFE (%) = (# of mammospheres per well) / (# of cells seeded per well) x 100

4. Serial Passaging of Mammospheres for Assessment of Self-renewal

1. Pipette the media containing the mammospheres from each well into a 15 ml tube. Wash the wells with PBS and add to the collected media. Centrifuge at 115 x g for 10 min at room temperature.
2. Discard supernatant and resuspend the pellet in 500 µl of pre-warmed 0.5% trypsin/0.2% EDTA. Incubate for 2-3 min.
3. Add 500 µl of FCS to neutralize trypsin. Centrifuge at 500 x g for 5 min. Discard supernatant and resuspend pellet in 100 µl of mammospheres media, pipetting up and down to disaggregate spheres.
4. Count cells with hemocytometer and determine if cells are in single cell suspension. If not pass through a 25 G syringe up to 3 times to obtain single cells. Seed the cells into a new ultra low-attachment 6-well plate at the same density used in the primary generation.
5. After 5-10 days, count spheres >40 µm and calculate sphere-forming efficiency using the formula reported before.

Results

Different samples or those subjected to different treatments may vary in the number of mammospheres >40 µm that form after normalizing for initial cells seeded. Calculate mammosphere forming efficiency (MFE) for each treatment grown in triplicate. This enables experiments with different seeding densities to be compared. Data is best displayed on a bar graph, ideally with positive and negative controls, and displaying the standard deviation across the triplicate wells. Consistently transfer adherent cells into non-adhe...

Discussion

Successful assessment of primary and secondary mammospheres relies on cells being plated at sufficiently low densities that mammospheres form from single clones, with minimal sphere aggregation. However at densities that are too low, too few mammospheres may form to distinguish the effects of treatments statistically. Seeding density should be optimised for each cell line used since they can vary considerably in their sphere forming efficiencies (those expressing low E-cadherin may form less stable and shorter term mammo...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
DMEM/F12	Lonza	CC-3151
2 mM L-glutamine	Sigma Aldrich	G8540
100 U/ml Penicillin & Streptomycin	Sigma Aldrich	P4083
20 ng/ml Recombinant human epidermal growth factor (EGF)	Sigma Aldrich	E9644
20 ng/ml Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)	R&D systems	233-FB-025
1x B27 supplement	Invitrogen	17504-044
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)	Thermo Scientific	12399902
0.5% trypsin/0.2% EDTA	Sigma Aldrich	59418C
Fetal calf serum	First Link UK	02-00-850
Trypan blue	Sigma Aldrich	93595
Low attachment 6-well plates	Corning	CLS3814
Collagenase type 1A	Sigma Aldrich	C9891
Hyaluronidase	Sigma Aldrich	H3506
Sterile razor blades	Fisher Scientific	12443170
Sterile scalpel	Fisher Scientific	11758353
Sterile micro-dissecting scissors	Sigma Aldrich	S3146