Writing Bragg Gratings in Multicore Fibers

Summary

We describe a technique for inscribing identical fiber Bragg gratings into each core of a multicore fiber. This is achieved by introducing an additional surface into the optical path to mitigate lensing by the curved surface of the fiber cladding.

Abstract

Fiber Bragg gratings in multicore fibers can be used as compact and robust filters in astronomical and other research and commercial applications. Strong suppression at a single wavelength requires that all cores have matching transmission profiles. These gratings cannot be inscribed using the same method as for single-core fibers because the curved surface of the cladding acts as a lens, focusing the incoming UV laser beam and causing variations in exposure between cores. Therefore we use an additional optical element to ensure that the beam shape does not change while passing through the cross-section of the multicore fiber. This consists of a glass capillary tube which has been polished flat on one side, which is then placed over the section of the fiber to be inscribed. The laser beam enters the fiber through the flat surface of the capillary tube and hence maintains its original dimensions. This paper demonstrates the improvements in core-to-core uniformity for a 7-core fiber using this method. The technique can be generalized to larger multicore fibers.

Introduction

Fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) are widely used as narrowband filters due to the fact they can be customized for a large number of applications¹. They are not limited to suppressing single wavelengths; complex transmission spectra can be created by the use of aperiodic refractive index variations². One limitation is that FBGs can only be inscribed in single-mode fibers (SMFs), as the wavelength that is suppressed for a given grating period depends on the propagation constant. In a multimode fiber (MMF), where each mode has a different propagation constant, the suppressed wavelength for each mode is different and hence the grating does not give strong....

Protocol

1. Preparation of Polished Capillary Tubes (ANFF OptoFab)

1. Obtain glass capillary tubes with inner diameter closely matched to fiber diameter. The closer in size, the better the performance, but ensure that a ±10 µm variation in capillary size is allowed for. Remove any protective coatings from the capillary tubes. Shave off coatings with a razor blade to remove them without damaging the tubes.
2. Taper the capillary tubes to a smaller diameter if required. Use a computer-controlled automatic tapering machine if available.
   1. Secure a length of tubing with clamps at either end.
   2. Heat the capillary to melting point evenly ....

Results

The effectiveness of this technique is best demonstrated by comparing the multicore fiber Bragg gratings (MCFBGs) that result from exposure with and without the capillary. Figure 2 shows the transmission characteristics of a 7-core MCF exposed using the standard method for SMFs, with individual core spectra represented by different colors. There is minimal overlap between the suppressed wavelengths, and core #5 has received weaker exposure resulting in a shallower notch. .......

Discussion

Figures 2 and 3 together show that introducing the polished capillary tube (PCT) when writing gratings is sufficient to improve the uniformity of core spectra in the MCFBG. The rest of the inscription process is largely unchanged from established methods for creating SMF gratings and can be used with most existing FBG writing systems. Hence the preparation of PCTs as outlined in section 2 of the protocol is most critical for improving MCFBG uniformity. The best results are achieved with .......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Multicore fiber	Fujikura Ltd.		7 cores with diameter 5.5 µm, core separation 35 µm, hexagonally arranged within 125 µm cladding, NA = 0.177
Glass tapering machine	Vytran	GPX-3000
UV laser	Coherent	300 FreD Innova	Frequency doubled 244 nm, at least 150 mW output. CAUTION: eye damage; wear appropriate goggles
Phase mask	Lasiris	PM-244-1069.50-50.8	Custom component, 1069.50 nm grating period, 5.08 mm thickness
Capillary tubes	Polymicro	TSP200794	Inner diameter 200 µm, outer diameter 794 µm
Lapping machine	Logitech	PM5	Combination grinder/polisher
UV-curable glue	Norland	NOA-61	Cures rapidly, removable with acetone
Microgrit	Eminess		Al2O3: 25 µm and 5 µm particle size
Polishing fluid	Eminess	ULTRA-SOL 500S	SF-500S-5, ULTRA-SOL 500S N/D, 5 GAL
Sodium hydroxide			0.004 M
Fiber cleaver	Vytran	LDC-400
Tunable laser	JDS Uniphase	SWS15101
IR Camera	Xenics	XEVA-1429	320x256 pixel, 16 bit resolution
Oven	Thermoline Scientific	LDO-030N	For annealing at T = 110 °C
Hydrogen gas	BOC		For hydrogenating fiber. CAUTION: flammable, pressurised gas
Nitrogen gas	BOC		Booster for hydrogenation. CAUTION: pressurised gas
Acetone
Razor blades