Psychophysically-anchored, Robust Thresholding in Studying Pain-related Lateralization of Oscillatory Prestimulus Activity

Summary

Psychophysical methods such as the QUEST estimation procedure can efficiently yield robust estimates of the stimulation intensity at which nonpainful sensations transition into painful sensations. By stimulating repeatedly at the threshold intensity, the variability in rating responses can directly be attributed to perceptual classifications in subsequent analyses.

Abstract

In perceptual studies, it is often important to objectively assess the equality of delivered stimulation across participants or to quantify the intra-individual sensation magnitude that is evoked by stimulation over multiple trials. This requires a robust mapping of stimulus magnitude to perceived intensity and is commonly achieved by psychophysical estimation methods such as the staircase procedure. Newer, more efficient procedures like the QUEST algorithm fit a psychophysical function to the data in real time while at the same time maximizing the efficiency of data collection. A robust estimate of the threshold intensity between painful and nonpainful perceptions can then be used to reduce the influence of variations in sensory input in subsequent analyses of oscillatory brain activity. By stimulating at a constant threshold intensity determined by an adaptive estimation procedure, the variance in the ratings can be directly attributed to perceptual processes. Oscillatory activity can then be contrasted between "pain" and "no-pain" trials directly, yielding activity that closely relates to perceptual classification processes in nociception.

Introduction

When conducting behavioral experiments involving human participants, it is important to be able to closely control the intensities of presented stimuli. Using stimuli of equal intensity for all participants, however, will in some settings introduce the bias of subjective perception. For some perceptual qualities such as pain, there are high inter- and intra-individual variations in perceived intensity at a constant stimulus level^1,2. For experiments that assume equal subjective percepts, it is thus a necessity to match the subjectively perceived intensity across participants. This is also important when examin....

Protocol

The experiment has been approved by the ethics commission of the Hamburg medical association (PV4509).

1. Participant Selection

1. Beyond standard selection criteria, such as fitness for pain stimulation, head implants or pre-existing neurological conditions, make sure the participants are not suffering from acute or chronic pain, are not taking any pain medication, and have no known history of substance abuse. Participants should also not have taken part in any pharmacological studies during the 4 weeks prior to the experiment.
2. Include participants of any gender, yet take care to only include female participants that are....

Results

Using a rating scale split into one half for nonpainful and one half for painful sensations (Figure 1a), constant stimulation can be applied over many trials while still yielding ratings across the scale midpoint (Figure 1b). This way, changes in sensory input can be avoided, and the rating outcome can be directly related to intrinsic perceptual classification processes related to pain.

Discussion

Here we used the well theoretically founded QUEST method to efficiently estimate a robust psychophysical threshold between non-pain and pain perception. Using constant stimulation at this threshold enables an analysis of perceptual decisions independent of changes in stimulus magnitude. While we examined threshold intensity at the transition point between innocuous and noxious sensation domains, other points along the pain scale (e.g., 50 on a 100-point pain scale) can also be anchored with the here present.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
EasyCap electrode cap	EasyCap, Woerthsee-Etterschlag, Germany	CUCHW-58
actiCap active Ag/Cl EEG electrode set	BrainProducts GmbH, Gliching, Germany	-
SuperVisc EEG eletrode gel	EasyCap, Woerthsee-Etterschlag, Germany	V16
BrainAmp EEG amplifier	BrainProducts GmbH, Gliching, Germany	BrainAmp Standard
PsychToolbox-3	Mario Kleiner / Open Source	-	Available at http://psychtoolbox.org/
Matlab	MathWorks, Natick, MA	Matlab R2015b
DigiTimer DS7A constant current electrical stimulator	DigiTimer Ltd., Hertfordshire, United Kingdom	DS7A