Application of Granger Causality Analysis of the Directed Functional Connection in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment

Summary

Based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging with Granger causality analysis, we investigated the alterations in the directed functional connectivity between the posterior cingulate cortex and whole brain in patients with Alzheimer's Disease (AD), patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), and healthy controls.

Abstract

Impaired functional connectivity in the Default Mode Network (DMN) may be involved in the progression of Alzheimer's Disease (AD). The Posterior Cingulate Cortex (PCC) is a potential imaging marker for monitoring the progression of AD. Previous studies did not focus on the functional connectivity between the PCC and nodes in regions outside the DMN, but our study is an effort to explore these overlooked functional connections. For collecting data, we used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Granger Causality Analysis (GCA). fMRI provides a non-invasive method for studying the dynamic interactions between the different brain regions. GCA is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one-time series is useful in forecasting another. In simple terms, it is judged by comparing the "Known all the information on the last moment, the distribution of the probability of X at this time" and the "Known all the information on the last moment except Y, the distribution of the probability of X at this time", to determine whether there is a causal relationship between Y and X. This definition is based on the complete information source and stationary chronological sequence. The main step of this analysis is to use X and Y to establish the regression equation and draw a causal relationship by a hypothetical test. Since GCA can measure causal effects, we used it to investigate the anisotropy of the functional connectivity and explore the hub function of the PCC. Here, we screened 116 participants for MRI scanning, and after preprocessing the data obtained from neuroimaging, we used GCA to derive the causal relationship of each node. Finally, we concluded that the directed connection is significantly different between the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD groups, both from the PCC to the whole brain and from the whole brain to the PCC.

Introduction

AD is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system that can be diagnosed using histopathology, electrophysiology, and neuroimaging¹. The memory-related DMN is a vital system of the interacting brain regions associated with AD, and its abnormal function is characteristic of AD^2,3. The PCC is an important region of the traditional default network in the resting state and plays pivotal roles in episodic memory, spatial attention, self-evaluation, and other cognitive functions^4,5,6,

Protocol

This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital. Every enrolled subject signed a written informed consent.

1. Sample Classification and Screening

1. Diagnose and divide 116 patients into AD and MCI groups.
   NOTE: Use the 2011 National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke and the Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) diagnostic criteria and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) criteria for identification and classification of MCI, which is described in detail in Yu et al.¹⁰
2. ....

Results

Demographic information

Table 1 presents the characteristics of the subjects. All the subjects had an education level of junior school or above. Age, gender, and education level were similar between the three groups (P >0.05), while the MMSE scores were significantly different (p <0.01).

Directed brain functional connectivity

Discussion

This report presents a process for comparing the directed functional connectivity from the PCC to the whole brain and from the whole brain to the PCC between AD, MCI and control groups. Moreover, a key step in this process is the classification and screening of sample before the experiment. Thus, the classification and screening criteria are crucial because the accuracy of the results can be affected if they are erroneous. As listed in the protocol, we used 2011 NINCDS-ADRDA diagnostic criteria and MMSE, and the criteria.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
116 patients	Zhejiang Provincial People’s hospital	-	This study was approved by the ethics committee of Zhejiang Provincial People’s hospital. Every enrolled subject signed a written informed consent form.
Siemens Trio 3.0 T MRI scanner	Siemens, Erlangen, Germany	20571	Equipped with AudioComfort that reduces acoustic noise up to 90%; Provides high performance at a low noise level; Ultra light-weight coil; Unique MRI sequence design; Supports up to 400 pounds without restrictions.
RESTplus	Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China	20160122	RESTplus evolved from REST (Resting-State fMRI Data Analysis Toolkit), a convenient toolkit to calculate Functional Connectivity (FC), Regional Homogeneity(ReHo), Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuation (ALFF), Fractional ALFF (fALFF), Gragner causality, degree centrality, voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) and perform statistical analysis.
DPARSF	Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China	130615	Data Processing Assistant for Resting-State fMRI (DPARSF) is a convenient plug-in software within DPABI, which is based on SPM. You just need to arrange your DICOM files, and click a few buttons to set parameters, DPARSF will then give all the preprocessed data, functional connectivity, ReHo, ALFF/fALFF, degree centrality, voxel-mirrored homotopic connectivity (VMHC) results.
SPSS	SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA	-	SPSS offers detailed analysis options to look deeper into your data and spot trends that you might not have noticed.