We present an effective and reproducible method to isolate and culture neural progenitor cells from embryonic and postnatal brain tissue for chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of histone 3 lysine 79 dimethylation (H3K79me2) - a histone mark located within the globular domain of histone 3.
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Method Article
Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
In This Article
Summary
Abstract
Brain development is a complex process, which is controlled in a temporo-spatial manner by gradients of morphogens and different transcriptional programs. Additionally, epigenetic chromatin modifications, like histone methylation, have an important role for establishing and maintaining specific cell fates within this process. The vast majority of histone methylation occurs on the flexible histone tail, which is accessible to histone modifiers, erasers, and histone reader proteins. In contrast, H3K79 methylation is located in the globular domain of histone 3 and is implicated in different developmental functions. H3K79 methylation is evolutionarily conserved and can be found in a wide range of species from Homo sapiens to Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The modification occurs in different cell populations within organisms, including neural progenitors. The location of H3K79 methylation in the globular domain of histone 3 makes it difficult to assess. Here, we present methods to isolate and culture cortical progenitor cells (CPCs) from embryonic cortical brain tissue (E11.5-E14.5) or cerebellar granular neuron progenitors (CGNPs) from postnatal tissue (P5-P7), and to efficiently immunoprecipitate H3K79me2 for quantitative PCR (qPCR) and genome-wide sequencing.
Introduction
The sensory, motor, and cognitive functions of the brain are highly complex and susceptible to physical and environmental changes. The brain consists of three general parts the hind-, mid-, and forebrain, which are deeply connected. Within the forebrain, the telencephalon can be divided into a dorsal telencephalon (DT) and a ventral telencephalon (VT). The DT of mice consists of six cortical layers which are formed between E11.5 and E18.5 in an "inside-out" manner1. The VT includes the ganglionic eminences in development, which later form the basal ganglia2,3. Several cell types....
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Protocol
Animal welfare committees of the University of Freiburg and local authorities approved all animal experiments (G12/13, G16/11) mentioned in the following protocol.
1. Preparations
- Preparations for CPCs isolation
- Set up timed mating to obtain embryos at different stages of cortex development (between E11.5 and E14.5). Use mice of the strain NMRI (Naval Medical Research Institute) which are at least 8 weeks old. After mating, consider a positive vaginal plug at E0.5.
- To have enough material, use one litter of NMRI mice for one H3K79me2 ChIP from cortices of E12.5 or E14.5. For later embryoni....
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Results
General scheme of neural progenitor isolation, cultivation, H3K79me2 ChIP and ChIP analysis methods: Figure 1 shows a flowchart to perform H3K79me2 ChIP of cortical progenitor cells at different time points during embryonic brain development or of cerebellar granular neuron progenitors in postnatal stages. As a first step, the brain has to be isolated and the telencephalon (between E11.5 and E14.5) or the cerebellum (P5-P7) has to be retrieve.......
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Discussion
There are two major ways to perform chromatin immunoprecipitation to detect the genomic occupancy of histone modifications, transcription factors, histone code readers, writers, or erasers. One is the native ChIP method using nuclease digested, native chromatin for immunoprecipitation, and the other is the presented method using PFA-fixed, sheared chromatin, in which the nucleosomes and other DNA-attached proteins are covalently bound to the DNA39. Native ChIP with its high antibody detection rate.......
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Disclosures
The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests
Acknowledgements
We thank Henriette Bertemes for helping to establish the CGN cultivation protocol within the lab. This method paper was supported by the DFG-funded CRC992 Medical Epigenetics by funding to TV. The authors acknowledge the support of the Freiburg Galaxy Team: Pavankumar Videm, Björn Grüning and Prof. Rolf Backofen, Bioinformatics, University of Freiburg, Germany funded by Collaborative Research Centre 992 Medical Epigenetics (DFG grant SFB 992/1 2012) and German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF grant 031 A538A RBC (de.NBI)).
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Materials
| Name | Company | Catalog Number | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-GAPDH | Abcam | ab8245 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:5000 |
| Anti-H3 | Abcam | ab1791 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000 |
| Anti-H3K79me2 | Diagenode | pAb-051-050 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP antibody |
| Anti-H3K79me2 | Abcam | ab-051-050 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:1000 |
| Anti-rabbit-IgG | Diagenode | C15410206 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: ChIP Ctrl antibody |
| Anti-Tubulin alpha | Abcam | ab108629 | Category: Antibody Abbreviation/Comment: Immunoblot dilution 1:3000 |
| Apo-Transferrin (1 mg/ml) | Sigma-Aldrich | T1147 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| B27 Supplement (50x) | Life Technologies | 17504044 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| Bioanalyzer | Agilent technologies | G2940CA | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For analysis of sheared chromatin |
| Bioruptor NextGen | Diagenode | B01020001 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: Ultrasonicator |
| Boric acid pH 8.4 | Sigma Aldrich | B6768 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing |
| CFX Connect RT PCR Detection System | Bio-Rad | 1855201 | Category: ChIP Analysis Abbreviation/Comment: Detection system for qPCR |
| DMEM-F12 | Life Technologies | 11320-033 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM |
| Dynabeads Protein A | Invitrogen | 10001D | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: Magnetic beads, for ChIP |
| EPZ-5676 | Selleckchem | S7062 | Category: DOT1L inhibition Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture |
| Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid | SERVA | 39760.01 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: EDTA |
| Fetal Bovine Serum 10% (v/v) | Gibco | 10082147 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation and CGM |
| Glucose | Sigma-Aldrich | G5767 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation |
| Glutathione (1.25 mg/ml) | Sigma-Aldrich | G4251 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| Glycine | Carl Roth | 3187 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For cell fixation |
| GoTaq mastermix | Promega | A6002 | Category: ChIP Analysis Abbreviation/Comment: DNA polymerase master mix for qPCR |
| Hank’s Balanced Salt Solution | Life Technologies | 14025-100 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: HBSS |
| L-glutamine (200 mM) | Life Technologies | 25030081 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| Laminin | Sigma-Aldrich | L2020 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing |
| Lithium chloride | Sigma-Aldrich | L4408 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: LiCl |
| N2 supplement | Life Technologies | 17502048 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CGM |
| NanoDrop 3300 | Thermo Fisher | 3300 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: Fluorospectrometer for DNA quantification |
| NEB Next Ultra DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina | NEB | E7645S | Category: ChIP Analysis Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for Library preparation |
| NEBNext Multiplex Oligos for Illumina | NEB | E7335 | Category: ChIP Analysis Abbreviation/Comment: Oligos for Library preparation |
| Neurobasal medium | Gibco | 21103049 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| NP-40 Alternative | Calbiochem | 492016 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer |
| Paraformaldehyde | Carl Roth | 335 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: PFA, for cell fixation |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin-Neomycin 1% (v/v) | Life Technologies | 15640055 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: PSN, for CCM and CGM |
| Phosphate buffered saline | Life Technologies | 10010023 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: PBS, for CPC isolation |
| PicoGreen Kit | Thermo Fisher | P11496 | Category: ChIP Analysis Abbreviation/Comment: Visualizing dye for DNA quantification |
| Poly-D-lysine | Sigma-Aldrich | P6407 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation |
| Poly-L-ornithine hydrobromide | Sigma Aldrich | P3655 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC culturing |
| Potassium chloride | Thermo Fisher | AM9640G | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: KCl, for CGM |
| Protease inhibitor | Roche | 4693159001 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP |
| Proteinase K | Sigma-Aldrich | 3115879001 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP |
| Qiagen MinElute | Qiagen | 28004 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: Kit for DNA purification |
| RNAse | Sigma-Aldrich | R6513 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP |
| SGC0946 | Selleckchem | S7079 | Category: DOT1L inhibition Abbreviation/Comment: For DOT1L inhibition in cell culture |
| Sodium bicarbonate | Carl Roth | 8551.1 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: for Elution buffer |
| Sodium chloride | Carl Roth | 9265 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: NaCl, for ChIP buffer |
| Sodium deoxycholate | Sigma-Aldrich | 30970 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP |
| Sodium dodecylsulfate | Carl Roth | 183 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: SDS, for ChIP |
| Sonic hedgehock (SHH) | Sigma-Aldrich | SRP6004 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CGNP isolation |
| Superoxide dismutase (1mg/ml) | Sigma-Aldrich | S7571 | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CCM |
| Tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane | Carl Roth | 9090 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: TRIS, for ChIP buffer |
| Triton X-100 | Carl Roth | X100 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For ChIP buffer |
| Trypsin-EDTA 0,05% (w/v) | Sigma Aldrich | 59417C | Category: Cell culture Abbreviation/Comment: For CPC isolation |
| Tween20 | Carl Roth | 28320 | Category: ChIP Abbreviation/Comment: For bead preparation |
| Other Lab devices: Neubauer counting chamber, Incubator, Rotator, Shaker, Disection set, Water bath | |||
| CCM: Cortical cell medium | |||
| CGM: CGNP cell culture medium |
References
- Molyneaux, B. J., Arlotta, P., Menezes, J. R. L., Macklis, J. D. Neuronal subtype specification in the cerebral cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 8, 427-437 (2007).
- Kandel, E. R., Squire, L. R. Neuroscience: breaking down scientific barriers to the study of brain and mind. Science....
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