Scanning Skeletal Remains for Bone Mineral Density in Forensic Contexts

Summary

Bone mineral density (BMD) is an important factor in understanding nutritional intake. For human skeletal remains, it is a useful metric to assess quality of life in both juveniles and adults, particularly in fatal starvation and neglect cases. This paper provides guidelines for scanning human skeletal remains for forensic purposes.

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a promising, novel method to aid in the assessment of bone quality in forensically relevant skeletal remains. BMD is an important component of bone's nutritional status and in skeletal remains of both juveniles and adults, and it can provide information about bone quality. For adults remains, it can provide information on pathological conditions or when bone insufficiency may have occurred. In juveniles, it provides a useful metric to elucidate cases of fatal starvation or neglect, which are generally difficult to identify. This paper provides a protocol for the anatomical orientation and analysis of skeletal remains for scanning via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Three case studies are presented to illustrate when DXA scans can be informative to the forensic practitioner. The first case study presents an individual with observed longitudinal fractures in the weight bearing bones and DXA is used to assess bone insufficiency. BMD is found to be normal suggesting another etiology for the fracture pattern present. The second case study employed DXA to investigate suspected chronic malnutrition. The BMD results are consistent with results from long bone lengths and suggest the juvenile had suffered from chronic malnutrition. The final case study provides an example where fatal starvation in a fourteen-month infant is suspected, which supports autopsy findings of fatal starvation. DXA scans showed low bone mineral density for chronological age and is substantiated by traditional assessments of infant health. However, when dealing with skeletal remains taphonomic alterations should be considered before applying this method.

Introduction

The objective of forensic anthropological analyses relies on the practitioner's understanding of bone as a complex tissue with multiple units and variation. Bone is a hierarchical, composite tissue with both organic and inorganic components organized into a matrix of collagen and carbonated apatite^1,2,3,4. The inorganic component, or bone mineral is organized in a nanocrystalline structure to provide stiffness and framework for the organic portion^1,2,....

Protocol

The protocol herein adheres to the North Carolina State University's ethics guidelines for human research.

1. Machine Preparing

NOTE: The following protocol can be broadly applied to any whole body, clinical DXA and BMD scanner.

1. Perform calibration once daily prior to scanning any individuals to ensure quality control. After calibration prompts appear upon start-up of the systems' software, scan a lumbar spine phantom of known density to ensure correct reading of the BMD scanner.
2. If the scanner being utilized does not have a quality control feature in the software, compare the lumbar....

Results

The methodology proposed here is commonly used in living patients and consideration of its novelty to deceased individuals should be noted. Figure 6 and Figure 8 present the results of an AP lumbar spine and left hip scan, respectively. The individual assessed in these scans is a deceased white, female, 31 years of age that is housed at the Forensic Analysis Laboratory of North Carolina State University. This individual had a tot.......

Discussion

The results presented in this paper are illustrative of the applicability of BMD metrics in forensic contexts. As Figure 6 and Figure 8 show, the scanning position of living individuals for clinical BMD scans is reproducible with skeletal remains, but care must be taken to ensure proper positioning. This is especially critical for the hip examination where identifying the midline of the femoral neck require the proper angle of the femur and overestimation of BMD.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
QDR Discovery 4500W system	Hologic	Discovery W	All inclusive DXA whole body scanner that includes APEX software for visualization and analysis of scans. Incorporates FRAX reference data developed by WHO to provide both t- and z- scores.
APEX 3.2	Hologic	APEX	Software used by the DXA PC connected to the bone desitometer (QDR Discovery 4500W system) to acquire the BMD data and analyze results.