A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

Summary

This protocol describes a flexible, low-cost system for measuring mouse ambulation in an open field activity assay. We show that a 6-minute ambulation assay based on this system detects a decrease in voluntary movement in mdx mice, and accurately distinguishes improvement in a muscle-specific rescue of these animals.

Abstract

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation in mouse models is a non-invasive and reproducible activity assay that is directly analogous to measures of patient ambulation such as the 6-minute walk test and related mobility scores. Many common methods for testing mouse ambulation speed and distance are based on the open field test, where an animal's free movement within an arena is measured over time. One major downside to this approach is that commercial software and equipment for high-resolution motion tracking is expensive and may require transferring mice to specialized facilities for testing. Here, we describe a low-cost, video-based system for measuring mouse ambulation that utilizes free and open-source software. Using this protocol, we demonstrate that voluntary ambulation in the dystrophin-null mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is decreased relative to wild-type mouse activity. In mdx mice expressing the utrophin transgene, these activity deficits are not observed and the total distance traveled is indistinguishable from wild-type mice. This method is effective for measuring changes in voluntary ambulation associated with dystrophic pathology, and provides a versatile platform that can be readily adapted to diverse research settings.

Introduction

Reliable and reproducible measurements of muscle function are critical for evaluating the efficacy of potential therapies for DMD. DMD is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, leading to progressive muscle weakness, loss of ambulation, and eventual cardiorespiratory failure. The most widely used animal model of DMD is the dystrophin-null mdx mouse. A battery of functional tests have emerged as routine assays for evaluating disease progression in the mdx mouse as well as in similar animal models of other dystrophies and myopathies. Commonly used in vivo assays include measurements of forelimb grip strength, wire hanging time, rotarod maximum, time to exhaustion during treadmill running, and motor activity tracking. There has been a substantial effort in the field to standardize these tests, with the goal of reducing variability between preclinical studies and increasing the translational potential of therapeutics tested in mice^1,2.

One important category of preclinical testing is the measurement of voluntary movement, a parameter that is frequently altered in murine models of muscular dystrophy. This is usually tested by assays based on open field activity monitoring, and may evaluate either horizontal (walking) or vertical (rearing) movements over a course of minutes or hours^2,3,4. A number of studies have shown voluntary movement to be altered in mdx mice, particularly after exercise, and these measurements have been shown to be sensitive to drug treatment and disease progression. One major limitation in performing these assays is the need for specialized, high-cost equipment. Here, a low-cost method that tracks mouse ambulation using readily available resources is presented.

The 6-minute walk distance is a metric commonly used as a clinical assessment tool in individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy^5,6. Modifications of this measure have been used to assess outcomes in animal models of Duchenne, including mdx mice⁷ and golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs⁸. In this study, we record voluntary open field movement in the 6 minutes immediately following a mild exercise challenge. Ambulation distance was then calculated using free open-source software to measure horizontal movement over time.

The main advantage of this method is that animals can be tested in a variety of settings without needing specialized equipment or high-cost commercial software for analysis. One important aspect of this analysis is that it can be performed in a basic laboratory setting without needing to move or transfer mice out of the vivarium to a specialized core facility. The video-tracking protocol described here is well-suited to the assessment of ambulation over relatively short time-periods and can detect activity differences between wild-type and mdx mice, as well as reveal functional improvement in a rescue model of DMD.

Protocol

The methods described here were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Los Angeles. Wild-type (C57BL/6J) and mdx mice (C57Bl/10ScSn background) were purchased from a commercial source. mdx:utrophin-Tg mice were a gift from James Ervasti, with permission from Kay Davies, and were maintained on the mdx background. Ambulation assays were performed on male mice at 6 months of age. Mice were maintained in the Terasaki Life Sciences Vivarium following guidelines established by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee at the University of California, Los Angeles (approval #2000-029-43) and approval for these studies was granted by the UCLA Animal Welfare Assurance (approval #A3196-01).

1. Preparation of Chamber

1. Perform data collection in a quiet, temperature controlled room at a consistent time of day⁹. Perform the tests blinded to the genotype and treatment of the mouse being tested.
2. Adapt any open field chamber system for this analysis.
   NOTE: In this study, we use an inexpensive and easily transportable recording chamber constructed from a large trash bin. The open field arena is a tray set on a cage or similar elevated platform.
3. Place the camera on a wire mesh above the chamber to record across the full arena.
4. Clean the recording chamber with disinfectant before each trial.

2. Pre-exercise Protocol and Data Collection

1. Optionally, immediately prior to activity recording, challenge each mouse with a muscle activation protocol.
   NOTE: This is optional but recommended in experiments involving mdx mice.
   1. Allow the mouse to grip the pull bar of a digital force gauge and gently pull back until the pull bar is released. Repeat this procedure five times per trial.
   2. Record peak tension (N) for each trial.
      NOTE: In addition to serving as an exercise challenge for the ambulation assay, the force exerted by the animal during this grip strength assay can be used as an additional functional outcome measure^2,10.
   3. Perform five total trials for each mouse with 1 min of rest between each trial.
2. Immediately following the grip strength assay or other exercise protocol, place the mouse in the activity chamber.
3. Start the video recording of the movement of the mouse in the chamber arena. Allow the mouse to freely explore for 6 min.
4. Stop the recording at 6 min and return the mouse to its home cage.

3. Video Analysis

1. Optionally, prepare video for analysis by reducing the frame rate. In order to reduce the frame rate for tracking analysis, use the following protocol in a video editing software (e.g., iMovie or similar program) to decimate the video frame rate by a factor of 2.
   NOTE: Depending on length and frame rate of the video, it may be useful to reduce the video frame rate prior to analysis. In this study, video was recorded at 30 frames/s (6 min recording, approximately 10,800 frames total).
   1. Load the video into the software.
   2. Under the 'Speed' menu, select 'Speed: Fast' and set speed to 2x.
   3. Export the decimated video in .mp4 file format for tracking analysis.
2. Open the video for analysis in the software program. Set the calibration for the video recording by using the line tool. Draw a line along one side of the chamber. Right click on the line and select "Calibrate measure…" Enter the actual size of the chamber side in centimeters.
3. To begin semi-automated tracking of the mouse position, click on the 'move' cursor.
   Starting at the initial frame in the video, right click on the point to be tracked; the tracking point is marked with a blue circle.
   NOTE: In the present study, the position of each animal was tracked by tracing the base of the tail.
4. Advance the frame by clicking the right arrow on the keyboard; the tracking point should automatically move based on the position of the tail base.
   1. If the tracking position is not aligned with the point of interest in a given frame, manually align the blue circle to the base of the tail.
      NOTE: Depending on the quality of the video and the speed of the mouse, the tracking may require variable levels of user input to maintain alignment with the point of interest. The path of the mouse should advance through the course of the video.
5. When tracking of the full video is complete, save the video and tracing overlay. Export the positional data of the tracing by selecting "Export to Spreadsheet".

4. Data Analysis

1. Open the positional data in a spreadsheet software program. The movement analysis software reports the X,Y coordinate position of the mouse in each frame.
2. To calculate distance traveled by frame, use the following equation (where position in frame one is x₁,y₁ and frame two is x₂,y₂):
   
   NOTE: Cumulative distance over time can be calculated by adding the distance traveled between each frame.

Results

Variations of the open field assay have been shown to be an effective method to test the disease progression in models of muscular dystrophy. Here, we demonstrate a versatile video tracking method for the analysis of two-dimensional mouse movement using readily available recording equipment and open source software (Figure 1A-B). Consistent with results reported from similar assays, we show that mdx mice challenged w...

Discussion

The open field assay provides an effective and non-invasive way to test motor function in mouse models of muscle disease, and variations of this assay can serve as a valuable endpoint measure for pre-clinical studies. One major limitation with this type of assay is the high-cost and limited accessibility of activity monitoring systems. In this study, we demonstrate a low-cost system for open field activity analysis that can generate similar results to existing commercial software and equipment. This system can be used wi...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Video camera	Apple Inc.	ME553LL/A	For recording ambulation video, iPhone 5S Plus (or equivalent)
Kinovea software (version 0.8.15)	Kinovea Association		Open source video analysis software. Free download, PC compatible (Version 0.8.15, www.kinovea.org)
iMovie (version 10.0.6)	Apple Inc.		Any similar software can be used to reduce video frame rate (optional)
Roughneck 32 Gallon Black Round Trash Bin (Open field chamber)	Rubbermaid	# 1778013	Any open field chamber system can be adapted for recording. This study uses a recording chamber constructed out of a tray on a platform, at the bottom of a large trash bin.
Avant White Plastic Tray 15"W x 10"D x 1.45"H (Open field chamber)	US Acrylic, LLC		Any open field chamber system can be adapted for recording. This study uses a recording chamber constructed out of a tray on a platform, at the bottom of a large trash bin.
C57BL/6J	Jackson Laboratory	#000664	Male 6 month mice
C57BL/10ScSn-Dmd/J (mdx)	Jackson Laboratory	#001801	Male 6 month mice
mdx: utrophin-Tg (fiona)	Gift from from James Ervasti, with permission from Kay Davies		Male 6 month mice