A High-throughput Assay for the Prediction of Chemical Toxicity by Automated Phenotypic Profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans

Summary

A quantitative method has been developed to identify and predict the acute toxicity of chemicals by automatically analyzing the phenotypic profiling of Caenorhabditis elegans. This protocol describes how to treat worms with chemicals in a 384-well plate, capture videos, and quantify toxicological related phenotypes.

Abstract

Applying toxicity testing of chemicals in higher order organisms, such as mice or rats, is time-consuming and expensive, due to their long lifespan and maintenance issues. On the contrary, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) has advantages to make it an ideal choice for toxicity testing: a short lifespan, easy cultivation, and efficient reproduction. Here, we describe a protocol for the automatic phenotypic profiling of C. elegans in a 384-well plate. The nematode worms are cultured in a 384-well plate with liquid medium and chemical treatment, and videos are taken of each well to quantify the chemical influence on 33 worm features. Experimental results demonstrate that the quantified phenotype features can classify and predict the acute toxicity for different chemical compounds and establish a priority list for further traditional chemical toxicity assessment tests in a rodent model.

Introduction

Along with the rapid development of chemical compounds applied to industrial production and people's daily life, it is important to study the toxicity testing models for the chemicals. In many cases, the rodent animal model is employed to evaluate the potential toxicity of different chemicals on health. In general, the determination of lethal concentrations (i.e., the assayed 50% lethal dose [LD50] of different chemicals) is used as the traditional parameter in a rodent (rat/mouse) model in vivo, which is time-consuming and very expensive. In addition, due to the reduce, refine, or replace (3R) principle that is central to animal welfare and ethics, new methods that allow for the replacement of higher animals are valuable to scientific research^1,2,3. C. elegans is a free-living nematode that has been isolated from soil. It has been widely used as a research organism in the laboratory because of its beneficial characteristics, such as a short lifespan, easy cultivation, and efficient reproduction. In addition, many fundamental biological pathways, including basic physiological processes and stress responses in C. elegans, are conserved in higher mammals^4,5,6,7,8. In a couple of comparisons we and others have made, there is a good concordance between C. elegans toxicity and toxicity observed in rodents⁹. All of this makes C. elegans a good model to test the effects of chemical toxicities in vivo.

Recently, some studies quantified the phenotypic features of C. elegans. The features can be used to analyze the toxicities of chemicals^2,3,10 and the aging of worms¹¹. We also developed a method that combines a liquid worm culturing system and an image analysis system, in which the worms are cultured in a 384-well plate under different chemical treatments¹². This quantitative technique has been developed to automatically analyze the 33 parameters of C. elegans after 12-24h of chemical treatment in a 384-well plate with liquid medium. An automated microscope stage is used for experimental video acquisition. The videos are processed by a custom-designed program, and 33 features related to the worms' moving behavior are quantified. The method is used to quantify the worm phenotypes under the treatment of 10 compounds. The results show that different toxicities can alter the phenotypes of C. elegans. These quantified phenotypes can be used to identify and predict the acute toxicity of different chemical compounds. The overall goal of this method is to facilitate the observation and phenotypic quantification of experiments with C. elegans in a liquid culture. This method is useful for the application of C. elegans in chemical toxicity evaluations and phenotype quantifications, which help predict the acute toxicity of different chemical compounds and establish a priority list for further traditional chemical toxicity assessment tests in a rodent model. In addition, this method can be applied to the toxicity screening and testing of new chemicals or the compound as the food additive agent pollution, pharmacautical compounds, environmental exogenous compound, and so on.

Protocol

The protocol follows the animal care guidelines of the Animal Ethics Committee of the Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control in China.

1. Chemical preparation

1. Obtain chemicals (Table 1 and Table of Materials).
2. Determine the highest and lowest dosage of the individual chemicals for a minimum concentration of 100% lethality (LC100, 24 h) and a maximum concentration of 100% nonlethality (LC0, 24 h) to worms. Use at least six dilutions of the highest concentration (Table 1).
   NOTE: Conduct a preliminary worm lethality test⁹ to explore LC100 and LC0 for a new chemical, to determine the dosage.
3. Dilute each chemical with K-medium (Table of Materials) to 2x the required concentration. Use K-medium as a control to compare the phenotype alterations caused by the chemicals.
   1. For example, prepare 7 gradient concentrations of cadmium chloride (CdCl₂) (Table 1). To prepare 2x the highest concentrated aqueous solution (4.64 mg/mL), dissolve 92.8 mg of CdCl₂ solid powder in 8 mL of K-medium and fill up to 10 mL after the powder has fully dissolved. Prepare the other concentration levels by dilution with K-medium.
4. Prepare eight parallel wells for every concentration in the chemical gradient. Each well contains 50 µL of the 2x chemical solution. Prepare at least three groups of eight parallel wells of K-medium as controls (Table 2).
   NOTE: In brief, a volume of 500 µL of 2x working solution is necessary for a single dose of each chemical.

2. Worm preparation

1. Obtain wild-type N2 worms and Escherichia coli OP50 strains from the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC).
2. Obtain synchronized L4 worms.
   1. Pick a single colony of E. coli OP50 from the streak plate. Aseptically inoculate the colony in 100 mL of LB broth and grow it overnight at 37 °C.
      NOTE: The E. coli OP50 solution is now ready for seeding to nematode growth medium (NGM, Table of Materials) plates.
   2. Pour NGM into a 90 mm plastic Petri plate. Seed each plate with 300 µL of E. coli OP50 solution the day after pouring. Incubate N2 worms on the NGM plates with OP50 at 20 °C for about 2-3 days until most of the worms have reached the adult stage.
   3. Harvest gravid worms into a 15 mL sterile conical centrifuge tube with sterile H₂O. Let the worms settle down for at least 2 min, aspirate the H₂O, and add 5 mL of bleach buffer (Table of Materials).
   4. Vortex the tube for 5 min, spin the tube for 30 s (at 1,300 x g) to pellet the eggs, and discard the supernatant.
   5. Wash the eggs with 5 mL of sterile H₂O and vortex the tube for 5 s. Centrifuge the tube for 30 s (at 1,300 x g), remove the supernatant, and wash again.
   6. Pipette the eggs onto a new NGM plate with OP50. Incubate them at 20 °C. Monitor the hatched L1 worms the next morning; the worms will reach the L4 stage in approximately 40 h.
3. Wash the L4 worms off the 90 mm Petri plates with K-medium into a 50 mL sterile conical tube. Adjust the concentration of worms to ~40 animals per 100 µL of K-medium under a stereomicroscope. Add 50 µL (~20 worms) into each well of the 384-well plate. These synchronized worms (L4 stage) are ready for the following treatment by chemicals.

3. Chemical treatment and video capture

NOTE: In a 384-well plate, worms (50 µL in each well) are treated to six to seven dosages of an individual chemical (Table 1). Prepare eight parallel wells, each containing 50 µL of the 2x chemical solution for every dosage (eight wells are filled with the same chemical and the same concentration, Table 2). All videos are collected using a digital camera attached to an inverted microscope (Table of Materials). The chemical treatment experiment lasts for 24 h. Do not add bacterial food to each well during the 24 h chemical treatment experiment.

1. Before adding the chemicals, set the 384-well plate with the synchronized worms on the automatic stage and take videos of each well with the programmed acquisition procedure (7 frames per second for 2 s; it takes ~25 min to scan each plate).
2. Add 50 µL of the 2x chemical stock prepared according to section 1 for each well (Table 2). Set the time as the 0 h point.
3. Incubate the 384-well plate at 20 °C and shake it at 80 rpm in an incubator shaker.
4. Remove the plate from the incubator and transfer it to an automatic stage. Take videos of each well of the whole plate, at 12 h and at 24 h, to check the phenotypes of the worms for each specific chemical treatment in K-medium. Approximately 25 min are required for one plate screen.

4. Experiment video processing

NOTE: A program for experimental video and images processing was written and packaged. It can be freely downloaded (see Table of Materials). The experimental video is stored in the form of an image frame sequence, and the frame sequence of each video is stored in a specific directory. The program can recognize worms and quantify phenotypes automatically.

1. In the graphical user interface (GUI, Figure 1), add the parameters, such as the frame sequence directory, the output directory, the worm size parameter, and the movement threshold parameter. Click the Analyze button to process the experimental images.
   1. Click the Select button to choose the source images directory.
   2. Add the middle result directory in the interface.
      NOTE: The middle results include the segmented images. These middle results are useful for the visual observation of the processed images.
   3. Add the final result directory in the interface.
   4. Add the average worm size parameter in the Worm Size textbox in the interface.
      NOTE: The size parameter used in the experiments is 2,000.
   5. Add the Threshold of moved ratio in the interface.
      NOTE: The ratio used in the experiments is 0.93.
   6. Click the Analyze button to start the image processing. Click the Reset button to clear the added parameters.
      NOTE: There are 33 features defined and quantified for worms. All the defined phenotypes are sorted by categories (listed in Table 3). These features can be quantified from experimental images. A quantitative comparison among different chemicals, which have different toxicities, can be done by comparing these features.

Results

We have tested the phenotypes of worms exposed to different concentrations of more than 10 chemicals¹². In the test, 33 distinct features were quantified for each chemical compound at three time points (0 h, 12 h, and 24 h). Previously, a comparison between a manual and an automatic analysis of a lifespan assay was done^11,12. In this assay, we found that chemicals and concentrations can influence the worm p...

Discussion

The advantages of C. elegans have led to its increasing usage in toxicology⁹, both for mechanistic studies and high-throughput screening approaches. An increased role for C. elegans in complementing other model systems in toxicological research has been remarkable in recent years, especially for the rapid toxicity assessment of new chemicals. This article provides a new assay of high-throughput, quantitative screening of worm phenotypes in a 384-well plate for the automatic ident...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2-Propanol	Sigma-Aldrich	59300
384-well plates	Throme	142761
Agar	Bacto	214010
Atropine sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	PHL80892
Bleach buffer			0.5 mL of 10 M NaOH, 0.5 mL of5% NaClO, 9 mL ofultrapure water
Cadmium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	202908
Calcium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	21074
CCD camera	Zeiss	AxioCam HRm	Zeiss microscopy GmbH
Cholesterol	Sigma-Aldrich	C8667
Copper(II) sulfate	Sigma-Aldrich	451657
Ethanol	Sigma-Aldrich	24105
Ethylene glycol	Sigma-Aldrich	324558
Glycerol	Sigma-Aldrich	G5516
K-Medium			3.04 g of NaCl and 2.39 g of KCl in 1 L ultrapure water
LB Broth			10 g/L Tryptone, 5 g/L Yeast Extract, 5 g/L NaCl
Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate	Sigma-Aldrich	63140
NGM Plate			3 g ofNaCl, 17 g ofagar, 2.5 g ofpeptone in 1 L of ultrapure water, after autoclave add 1 mL of cholesterol (5 mg/mL in ethanol), 1 mL of MgSO4 (1 M), 1 mL of CaCl2 (1 M), 25 mL of PPB buffer
Peptone	Bacto	211677
Potassium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	60130
Potassium phosphate dibasic	Sigma-Aldrich	795496
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Sigma-Aldrich	795488
PPB buffer			35.6 g of K2HPO4, 108.3 g of KH2PO4 in 1 L ultrapure water
shaker	ZHICHENG	ZWY-200D
Sodium chloride	Sigma-Aldrich	71382
Sodium fluoride	Sigma-Aldrich	s7920
Sodium hydroxide	Sigma-Aldrich	71690
Sodium hypochlorite solution	Sigma-Aldrich	239305
The link of program			https://github.com/weiyangc/ImageProcessForWellPlate
Tryptone	Sigma-Aldrich	T7293
Yeast extract	Sigma-Aldrich	Y1625
Zeiss automatic microscope	Zeiss	AXIO Observer.Z1	Zeiss automatic microsco with peproprietary software Zen2012 and charge coupled device(CCD) camera