Visualization of Germinosomes and the Inner Membrane in Bacillus subtilis Spores

Summary

Germinant receptor proteins cluster in ‘germinosomes’ in the inner membrane of Bacillus subtilis spores. We describe a protocol using super resolution microscopy and fluorescent reporter proteins to visualize germinosomes. The protocol also identifies spore inner membrane domains that are preferentially stained with the membrane dye FM4-64.

Abstract

The small size of spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, cause difficulties in their microscopic analyses using epifluorescence microscopy. Super-resolution three-dimensional Structured Illumination Microscopy (3D-SIM) is a promising tool to overcome this hurdle and reveal the molecular details of the process of germination of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores. Here, we describe the use of a modified SIMcheck (ImageJ)-assistant 3D imaging process and fluorescent reporter proteins for SIM microscopy of B. subtilis spores’ germinosomes, cluster(s) of germination proteins. We also present a (standard)3D-SIM imaging procedure for FM4-64 staining of B. subtilis spore membranes. By using these procedures, we obtained unsurpassed resolution for germinosome localization and show that >80% of B. subtilis KGB80 dormant spores obtained after sporulation on defined minimal MOPS medium have one or two GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry foci. Bright foci were also observed in FM4-64 stained spores’ 3D-SIM images suggesting that inner membrane lipid domains of different fluidity likely exist. Further studies that use double labeling procedures with membrane dyes and germinosome reporter proteins to assess co-localization and thus get an optimal overview of the organization of Bacillus germination proteins in the inner spore membrane are possible.

Introduction

Spores of the orders Bacillales and Clostridiales are metabolically dormant and extraordinarily resistant to harsh decontamination regimes, but unless they germinate, cannot cause deleterious effects in humans¹. In nutrient germinant triggered germination of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) spores, the initiation event is germinant binding to germinant receptors (GRs) located in the spore’s inner membrane (IM). Subsequently, the GRs transduce signals to the SpoVA channel protein also located in the IM. This results in the onset of the exchange of spore core pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (dipicolinic acid; DPA; comprising 20% of spore core dry wt) for water via the SpoVA channel. Subsequently, the DPA release triggers the activation of cortex peptidoglycan hydrolysis, and additional water uptake follows^2,3,4. These events lead to mechanical stress on the coat layers, its subsequent rupture, the onset of outgrowth and, finally, vegetative growth. However, the exact molecular details of the germination process are still far from resolved.

A major question about spore germination concerns the biophysical properties of the lipids surrounding the IM germination proteins as well as the IM SpoVA channel proteins. This largely immobile IM lipid bilayer is the main permeability barrier for many small molecules, including toxic chemical preservatives, some of which exert their action in the spore core or vegetative cell cytoplasm^5,6. The IM lipid bilayer is likely in a gel state, although there is a significant fraction of mobile lipids in the IM⁵. The spore’s IM also has the potential for significant expansion⁵. Thus, the surface area of the IM increases 1.6-fold upon germination without additional membrane synthesis and is accompanied by the loss of this membrane’s characteristic low permeability and lipid immobility^5,6.

While the molecular details of the activation of germination proteins and organization of IM lipids in spores are attractive topics for study, the small size of B. subtilis spores and the relatively low abundance of germination proteins, pose a challenge to microscopic analyses. Griffiths et al. compelling epifluorescence microscope evidence, using fluorescent reporters fused to germination proteins, suggests that in B. subtilis spores the scaffold protein GerD organizes three GR subunits (A, B and C) for the GerA, B and K GRs, in a cluster⁷. They coined the term ‘germinosome’ for this cluster of germination proteins and described the structures as ~300 nm large IM protein foci⁸. Upon initiation of spore germination, fluorescent germinosome foci ultimately change into larger disperse fluorescent patterns, with >75% of spore populations displaying this pattern in spores germinated for 1 h with L-valine⁸. Note that the paper mentioned above used averaged images from dozens of consecutive fluorescent pictures, to gain statistical power and overcome the hurdle of low fluorescent signals observed during imaging. This visualization of these structures in bacterial spores was at the edge of what is technically feasible with classical microscopic tools and neither an evaluation of the amount of foci in a single spore nor their more detailed subcellular localization was possible with this approach.

Here, we demonstrate the use of Structured Illumination Microscopy (SIM) to obtain a detailed visualization and quantification of the germinosome(s) in spores of B. subtilis, as well as of their IM lipid domains⁹. The protocol also contains instructions for the sporulation, slide preparation and image analysis by SIMcheck (v1.0, an imageJ plugin) as well as ImageJ^10,11,12.

Protocol

1. B. subtillis Sporulation (Timing: 7 Days Before Microscopic Observation)

1. Day 1
   1. Streak a bacterial culture on a Luria-Bertani Broth (LB) agar plate (1% tryptone, 0.5% yeast extract, 1% NaCl, 1% agar)¹³ and incubate overnight at 37 °C to obtain single colonies. Use the B. subtilis KGB80 (PS4150 gerKA gerKC gerKB-mCherry cat, gerD-gfp kan) strain and its parent background strain B. subtilis PS4150 (PS832 ΔgerE::spc, ΔcotE::tet) as described previously⁷.
      NOTE: The use of spores with the ΔcotEΔgerE background is essential in germinosome visualization, in order to minimize the autofluorescence of the spore coat layers⁷.
   2. Sterilize all media, tubes, pipets and other culture materials to be used with appropriate methods.
2. Day 2
   1. Inoculate a single colony into 5 mL of LB medium early in the morning and incubate the culture under continuous agitation in a screw cap tube at 200 rpm/min and 37 °C until the OD₆₀₀ reaches 0.3-0.4 (approximately 7 h).
   2. Make 500 mL of MOPS medium (pH 7.5) containing 3 nM (NH₄)₆Mo₇O₂₄·4H₂O, 0.4 μM H₃BO₃, 30 nM CoCl₂·6H₂O, 10 nM CuSO₄·5H₂O, 10 nM ZnSO₄·7H₂O, 1.32 mM K₂HPO₄, 0.4 mM MgCl₂·6H₂O, 0.276 mM K₂SO₄, 0.01 mM FeSO₄·7H₂O, 0.14 mM CaCl₂·2H₂O, 80 mM MOPS, 4 mM Tricine, 0.1 mM MnCl₂·2H₂O, 10 mM D-glucose-monohydrate, and 10 mM NH₄Cl.
   3. Prepare in screw cap tubes 10^-1- 10^-7 serial dilutions of the LB culture in 5 mL MOPS medium each and incubate the cultures overnight under continuous agitation at 200 rpm/min and 37 °C.
      NOTE: The serial dilutions prepared here aim to obtain a dilution in early exponential phase in the next morning. This step and the next step are necessary to allow the cells to adapt to the MOPS buffered growth medium.
3. Day 3
   1. Select one of the MOPS dilutions with an OD₆₀₀ of 0.3-0.4. Inoculate 0.2 mL of the culture to pre-warmed (37 °C) 20 mL of MOPS medium in a conical 250 mL flask and incubate under continuous agitation until the OD₆₀₀ reaches 0.3-0.4 (~7 h).
   2. Inoculate the MOPS based sporulation medium (250 mL) with 1% (v/v) pre-culture from step 1.3.1 and incubate for 3 days at 37 °C in a conical liter flask under continuous agitation. For FM4-64 staining of PS4150 spores, add 2 µg/mL FM4-64 probe (see Table of Materials) to the sporulation medium 1 or 2 h after reaching the peak OD₆₀₀ value of vegetative growth (generally approximately 2) and allow the culture to subsequently sporulate whilst protecting it from light⁵.
4. Day 7: Harvesting of spores
   1. Determine the sporulation yield (spores vs vegetative cells) using phase contrast microscopy at 100X magnification to distinguish the phase bright spores from phase dark cells and possibly non-mature spores. A 90 % phase bright spore yield is expected.
   2. Pellet the spores at 4,270 x g for 15 min at 4 °C in round bottom centrifuge tubes. Wash the spore pellet 2-3 times with 40 mL of sterile ultra-pure Type 1 demineralized water in 50 mL conical centrifuge tubes (see Table of Materials). Spin-down at each wash at 4,270 x g for 15 min (4 °C).
5. Day 7: Spore purification
   1. Spore purification: Suspend the spore pellet in 750 µL of 20% nonionic density gradient medium (see Table of materials) and load onto 800 µL of 50% nonionic density gradient medium in sterilized microcentrifuge tubes. Centrifuge for 60 min at 21,500 x g. The pellet obtained contains the free spores. Suspend the spore pellet in 200 µL of 20% nonionic density gradient medium and load onto 1 mL of 50% nonionic density gradient medium in a microcentrifuge tube, and centrifuge for 15 min at 21,500 x g.
   2. Washing the final spore preparation and storage: The pellet obtained contains the purified dormant spores. Wash the spore pellet 2-3 times with 1.5 mL of sterile ultra-pure Type 1 water (see Table of Materials) and spin-down in between at 9,560 x g for 15 min at 4 °C. Finally, suspend the pellet in sterile ultra-pure Type 1 water to a final OD₆₀₀ of approximately 30. Aliquots of the spores can be stored at -80 °C for 8 weeks¹⁴.

2. Decoating

1. Treat PS4150 spores with 0.1 M NaCl/0.1 M NaOH/1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/0.1 M dithiothreitol (DTT) at 70 °C for 1 h. Wash the spores 10 times with sterilized ultra-pure Type 1 water^15,16. By doing so, any adsorbed FM4-64 probe in spore’s outer membrane and outer layers will be removed.

3. Coverslip and Slide Preparation¹¹ (Timing: 1 H Before Observation)

1. Pre-clean high precision coverslips (see Table of materials) with 1 M HCl for 30 min in a gently shaking water bath. Wash the coverslips twice in ultra-pure Type 1 water, and store them in 100% (vol/vol) EtOH. Let them dry and verify their clarity before use. Pre-clean the glass slides in 70% EtOH. Let them dry and verify their clarity before use.

4. Sampling Fluorescent Microspheres or Spores in the Gene Frame Slide¹⁰ (Timing 15 Min)

1. Pre-warm two 70% EtOH cleaned and air dried glass slides (see Table of materials) for several seconds on a 70 °C heating block, drop 65 μL of sterilized 2% agarose held at 70 °C on top of one glass slide and place the other glass slide on top to spread the agarose between the slides. The agarose patch will dry in approximately 5 min.
2. Cut the agarose patch into a 1 x 1cm section after removing one of the glass slides, add 0.4 μL of sample (fluorescent microspheres or spores of ~10⁸/mL), and transfer the patch onto the high precision coverslip by placing the coverslip onto the patch and sliding it off.
3. Fix a Gene Frame (1.5 x 1.6 cm², 65 µL) onto the dried slide, onto which the coverslip is placed closing all corners of the frame, thus completing the slide for use in microscopy.

5. Imaging^11,17(Timing: 1 H)

1. Capture the transmission and fluorescence images of spores as well as a mixture of red and yellow-green carboxylate-modified fluorescent microspheres on a Structured Illumination Microscope (see Table of materials) equipped with a 100x oil objective (Numerical Aperture = 1.49), a CCD camera and image analysis software (see Table of materials). Generate all images at room temperature without the disturbance of ambient light. Make sure to always clean the 100x objective and the slide with 75% ethanol before imaging.
2. Focus on 100 nm (diameter) fluorescent microspheres and optimize the point spread function (psf) by adjusting the correction ring on the 100x objective until a symmetric psf is obtained, thus minimizing blurring of the image. The psf is the impulse response or the response of an imaging system to a point source or point object.
3. Select a field of view with approximately 10 round fluorescent microspheres. Apply a grating focus adjustment for both 561 nm and 488 nm excitation wave lengths as the guide for the image analysis software.
4. Focus the spores with the transmission light and capture a transmission light image in the 16× average mode with 200 ms exposures for each image.
5. Capture 3D-SIM raw fluorescent images of the spores with the illumination mode “3D-SIM”, the camera settings to readout mode Electron Multiplying (EM) Gain 10MHz at 14-bit, and EM gain at 175. Excite the FM4-64 probe in PS4150 spores with 561 nm laser light at 20% laser power, and an illumination time of 400 ms.
6. Excite the GerKB-mCherry and GerD-GFP in KGB80 spores with, respectively, 561 nm laser light at 30% laser power for 1 s, and 488 nm laser light at 60% laser power for 3 s. Z-Stack settings are in the top to bottom mode, 0.2 µm/ step, 7 steps and 20 steps for germinosome and IM analysis, respectively.
   NOTE: These laser parameters were applied in order to assure a maximum brightness value of the histogram window of around 4,000.

6. Reconstruct 3D-SIM Raw Images of FM4-64 Stained PS4150 Spores

1. Perform the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction for the FM4-64 stained PS4150 spores’ raw data. Click the Param button for Reconstruct Slice on the N-SIM pad tab sheet to open the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction window.
2. Set the reconstruction parameters in the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction window. To get perfect reconstructed images, follow the suggestion of the N-SIM instructions and click on the appropriate controls in the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction window to set the Illumination Modulation Contrast (IMC) to Auto, High Resolution Noise Suppression (HRNS) to 1.00 and Out of the Focus Blur Suppression (OFBS) to 0.05 as starting points.
3. Click the Reconstruct Slice button in the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction window to reconstruct the image. Evaluate the quality of the reconstructed images by the Fast Fourier Transformed (FFT) images and reconstruction score, which display after reconstruction¹².
4. Adjust the HRNS from 0.10 to 5.00 and OFBS from 0.01 to 0.50 by clicking on the appropriate controls in the N-SIM Slice Reconstruction window until the best parameter settings are obtained.
5. Click the Apply button in the N-SIM Slice Reconstuction window to apply changed parameters. Click Close button to close the window.
6. Make a FM4-64 stained PS4150 spores raw image active and click the Reconstruct Slice button on the N-SIM Pad tab sheet to execute Slice Reconstruction. Save the reconstructed image.

7. Image Analysis

1. Convert Pseudo-Widefield images of the KGB80 germinosome
   1. Convert 3D-SIM raw images of KGB80 into Pseudo-Widefield images by activating with a left click the ImageJ plugin SIMcheck utility Raw Data SI to Pseudo-Widefield¹². Pseudo-Widefield averages images from raw SIM data and assembles, for comparison, an image equivalent to conventional widefield illumination¹². For ImageJ itself see https://imagej.net/Welcome. Randomly select ~25 spores in each inverted transmission image for later germinosome analysis in the fluorescent Pseudo-Widefield images.
   2. Select in total approximately 350 (in this example, 346) KGB80 spores in 14 fields of view from two slides. The GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry fluorescent foci numbers in selected KGB80 spores should be counted independently by two researchers. The researcher can refer back to the 3D-SIM raw images whenever in doubt of the presence of separate fluorescent germinosome foci in spores.
   3. Assess the maximum intensities of each GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry focus and the integrated intensity of each KGB80 spore’s 3D image with ImageJ.
2. Analyze Pseudo-Widefield images of the KGB80 germinosome
   1. Use the mean integrated intensity value of 7 stacks as the integrated signal intensity of the KGB80 spore. Determine background intensities by imaging the background strain PS4150 using identical settings. Regard fluorescent spots in individual KGB80 spores as germinosome foci when they are clearly distinguishable from the background.
   2. Apply one-way ANOVA-tests for significance determination with software Origin 9.0. considering P values <0.05 as statistically significant. Use the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient¹⁸ to evaluate the correlation of GerD-GFP and GerKB-mCherry foci number and the measurements of the integrated signal intensity.

Results

The current protocol presents a SIM microscope imaging procedure for bacterial spores. The sporulation and slide preparation procedures were carried out as shown in Figure 1 before imaging. Later, the imaging and analysis procedures were applied both for dim (fluorescent protein labeled germination proteins) and bright (lipophilic probe stained IM) spore samples as shown in the following text.

Discussion

 The protocol presented contains a standard 3D-SIM procedure for analysis of FM4-64 stained B. subtilis spores that includes sporulation, slide preparation and imaging processes. In addition, the protocol describes a modified SIMcheck (ImageJ)-assisted 3D imaging process for SIM microscopy of B. subtilis spore germinosomes labeled with fluorescent reporters. The latter procedure allowed us to observe this dim substructure with enhanced contrast. By coupling two imaging procedures, it is possible to...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Air dried glass slides	Menzel Gläser	630-2870
APO TIRF N20R8 100× oil objective (NA=1.49)
B. subtilis KGB80 (PS4150 gerKA gerKC gerKB-mCherry cat, gerD-gfp kan)
B. subtilis PS4150 (PS832 ΔgerE::spc, ΔcotE::tet)
Erlenmeyer flasks 1 L	Sigma-Aldrich	Z567868
Erlenmeyer flasks 250 mL	Sigma-Aldrich	Z723088
FluoSpheres carboxylate-modified microspheres	Invitrogen, 0.1 μm	F8803
FM4-64	Thermo Fisher Scientific	F34653
Histodenz nonionic density gradient medium	Sigma-Aldrich	D2158
ImageJ
iXON3 DU-897 X-6515 CCD camera	Andor Technology		https://imagej.net/Welcome
LB Agar	Sigma-Aldrich	L2897
Microfuge tubes 1.5 mL	Thermo Fisher Scientific	3451PK
Microscope imaging software	Nikon, Japan	NIS-Element AR 4.51.01
MilliQ Ultrapure Deminerilzed Water	Millipore	Milli-Q IQ 7003
Nikon Eclipse Ti microscope
Polypropylene Screw Cap Bottle 180 mL	Thermo Fisher Scientific	75003800
Precision Coverslips	Paul Marienfeld	117650
Round Bottom tubes 15 mL	Thermo Fisher Scientific		Nunc TM
Screw cap tubes 50 mL	Thermo Fisher Scientific		Nunc TM