High-Resolution 3D Imaging of Rabies Virus Infection in Solvent-Cleared Brain Tissue

Summary

Novel, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques like the ultimate 3D imaging of solvent-cleared organs allow the 3D visualization of rabies virus brain infection and its complex cellular environment. Thick, antibody-labeled brain tissue slices are made optically transparent to increase imaging depth and to enable 3D analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy.

Abstract

The visualization of infection processes in tissues and organs by immunolabeling is a key method in modern infection biology. The ability to observe and study the distribution, tropism, and abundance of pathogens inside of organ tissues provides pivotal data on disease development and progression. Using conventional microscopy methods, immunolabeling is mostly restricted to thin sections obtained from paraffin-embedded or frozen samples. However, the limited 2D image plane of these thin sections may lead to the loss of crucial information on the complex structure of an infected organ and the cellular context of the infection. Modern multicolor, immunostaining-compatible tissue clearing techniques now provide a relatively fast and inexpensive way to study high-volume 3D image stacks of virus-infected organ tissue. By exposing the tissue to organic solvents, it becomes optically transparent. This matches the sample’s refractive indices and eventually leads to a significant reduction of light scattering. Thus, in combination with long free working distance objectives, large tissue sections up to 1 mm in size can be imaged by conventional confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at high resolution. Here, we describe a protocol to apply deep-tissue imaging after tissue clearing to visualize rabies virus distribution in infected brains in order to study topics like virus pathogenesis, spread, tropism, and neuroinvasion.

Introduction

Conventional histology techniques mostly rely on thin sections of organ tissues, which can inherently provide only 2D insights into a complex 3D environment. Although feasible in principle, 3D reconstruction from serial thin sections requires demanding technical pipelines for both slicing and subsequent in silico alignment of the acquired images¹. Moreover, seamless reconstruction of z-volumes after microtome slicing is critical as both mechanical and computational artifacts can remain because of suboptimal image registration caused by nonoverlapping image planes, staining variations, and physical destruction of tissue by, for instance, the mic....

Protocol

RABV-infected, PFA-fixed archived brain material was used. The respective animal experimental studies were evaluated by the responsible animal care, use, and ethics committee of the State Office for Agriculture, Food Safety, and Fishery in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LALFF M-V) and gained approval with permissions 7221.3-2.1-002/11 (mice) and 7221.3-1-068/16 (ferrets). General care and methods used in the animal experiments were carried out according to the approved guidelines.

CAUTION: This protocol uses various toxic and/or harmful substances, including PFA, methanol (MeOH), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), sodium azide ....

Results

The combination of iDISCO¹⁴ and uDISCO¹³ coupled with high-resolution CLSM provides deep insights into the spatiotemporal resolution and plasticity of RABV infection of brain tissue and the surrounding cellular context.

Using immunostaining of RABV phosphoprotein (P), complex layers of infected neuronal cells can be visualized in thick sections of mouse brains (Figure 3). Subsequently, seamless 3D projections of the .......

Discussion

The resurgence and further development of tissue clearing techniques in recent years^{2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,.......}

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Reagents
Benzyl alcohol	Alfa Aesar	41218	Clearing reagent
Benzyl benzoate	Sigma-Aldrich	BB6630-500ML	Clearing reagent
Dimethyl sulfoxide	Carl Roth	4720.2	Various buffers
Diphenyl ether	Sigma-Aldrich	240834-100G	Clearing reagent
DL-α-Tocopherol	Alfa Aesar	A17039	Antioxidant
Donkey serum	Bio-Rad	C06SBZ	Blocking reagent
Glycine	Carl Roth	3908.2	Background reduction
Goat serum	Merck	S26-100ML	Blocking reagent
Heparin sodium salt	Carl Roth	7692.1	Background reduction
Hydrogen peroxide solution (30 %)	Carl Roth	8070.2	Sample bleaching
Methanol	Carl Roth	4627.4	Sample pretreatment
Paraformaldehyde	Carl Roth	0335.3	Crystalline powder to make fixative solution
Sodium azide	Carl Roth	K305.1	Prevention of microbial growth in stock solutions
tert-Butanol	Alfa Aesar	33278	Sample dehydration for tissue clearing
TO-PRO-3	Thermo Fisher	T3605	Nucleic acid stain
Triton X-100	Carl Roth	3051.2	Detergent
Tween 20	AppliChem	A4974,0500	Detergent
Miscellaneous
5 mL reaction tubes	Eppendorf	0030119401	Sample tubes
Coverslip, circular (diameter: 22 mm)	Marienfeld	0111620	Part of imaging chamber
Coverslip, circular (diameter: 30 mm)	Marienfeld	0111700	Part of imaging chamber
Hypodermic needle (27 G x ¾” [0.40 mm x 20 mm])	B. Braun	4657705	Filling of the imaging chamber with clearing solution
RTV-1 silicone rubber	Wacker	Elastosil E43	Adhesive for the assembly of the imaging chamber
Ultimaker CPE 2.85 mm transparent	Ultimaker	8718836374869	Copolyester filament for 3D printer to print parts of the imaging chamber
Technical equipment and software
3D printer	Ultimaker	Ultimaker 2+	Printing of imaging chamber
Automated water immersion system	Leica	15640019	Software-controlled water pump
Benchtop orbital shaker	Elmi	DOS-20M	Sample incubation at room temperature (~ 150 rpm)
Benchtop orbital shaker, heated	New Brunswick Scientific	G24 Environmental Shaker	Sample incubation at 37 °C (~ 150 rpm)
Confocal laser scanning microscope	Leica	DMI 6000 TCS SP5	Inverted confocal microscope for sample imaging
Fiji	NIH (ImageJ)	open source software (v1.52h)	Image processing package based on ImageJ
Long working distance water immersion objective	Leica	15506360	HC PL APO 40x/1.10 W motCORR CS2
Vibratome	Leica	VT1200S	Sample slicing
Workstation	Dell	Precision 7920	CPU: Intel Xeon Gold 5118 GPU: Nvidia Quadro P5000 RAM: 128 GB 2666 MHz DDR4 SSD: 2 TB
Primary antibodies
Goat anti-RABV N	Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut		Monospecific polyclonal goat anti-RABV N serum, generated by goat immunization with baculovirus-expressed and His-tag-purified RABV nucleoprotein N Dilution: 1:400
Rabbit anti-GFAP	Dako	Z0334	Polyclonal antibody (RRID:AB_10013382) Dilution: 1:100
Rabbit anti-MAP2	Abcam	ab32454	Polyclonal antibody (RRID:AB_776174) Dilution: 1:250
Rabbit anti-RABV P 160-5	Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut		Monospecific polyclonal rabbit anti-RABV P serum, generated by rabbit immunization with baculovirus-expressed and His-tag-purified RABV phosphoprotein P (see reference 23: Orbanz et al., 2010) Dilution: 1:1,000
Secondary antibodies
Donkey anti-goat IgG	Thermo Fisher Scientific	depending on conjugated fluorophore	Highly cross-absorbed Dilution: 1:500
Donkey anti-mouse IgG	Thermo Fisher Scientific	depending on conjugated fluorophore	Highly cross-absorbed Dilution: 1:500
Donkey anti-rabbit IgG	Thermo Fisher Scientific	depending on conjugated fluorophore	Highly cross-absorbed Dilution: 1:500
Goat anti-mouse IgG	Thermo Fisher Scientific	depending on conjugated fluorophore	Highly cross-absorbed Dilution: 1:500
Goat anti-rabbit IgG	Thermo Fisher Scientific	depending on conjugated fluorophore	Highly cross-absorbed Dilution: 1:500