Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Summary

Presented here is a protocol to achieve higher accuracy in determination of stimulation location combining a 3D digitizer with high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation.

Abstract

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, causal evidence of brain area activation leading to a behavior is often left missing. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which can temporarily alter brain cortical excitability and activity, is a noninvasive neurophysiological tool used to study causal relationships in the human brain. High-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique that produces a more focal current compared to conventional tDCS. Traditionally, the stimulation location has been roughly determined through the 10-20 EEG system, because determining precise stimulation points can be difficult. This protocol uses a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to increase accuracy in determination of stimulation points. The method is demonstrated using a 3D digitizer for more accurate localization of stimulation points in the right temporo-parietal junction (rTPJ).

Introduction

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that modulates cortical excitability with weak direct currents over the scalp. It aims to establish causality between neural excitability and behavior in healthy humans^1,2,3. In addition, as a motor neurorehabilitation tool, tDCS is widely used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, stroke, and cerebral palsy⁴. Existing evidence suggests that traditional pad-based tDCS produces current flow through a relatively larger brain region^5,

Protocol

The protocol meets the guidelines of the Institutional Review Board of Southwest University.

1. Determination of Stimulation Location

1. Review the literature and confirm the stimulation location (here, the rTPJ)^19,20,21.

2. Preparation of Electrode Holding Cap

NOTE: The following steps are shown in Figure 1.

1. Ensure that all necessary materials are readily available: the 3D digitizer (Figure 2

Results

Using the methods presented, coordinates of the rTPJ were determined, which requires stimulation points beyond the 10-20 system. First, the circumference of the headform should be similar to the actual head. Here, the length of the nasion to inion of the headform was ~36 cm, and the length between the bilateral preauricular was ~37 cm.

The steps for producing the electrode cap guide the measuring positions of the 10-20 system. Here, Nz, Iz, Cz, Fpz, Oz, Pz, T8, T7, C4, P8, O2, P4, C6, P6, and .......

Discussion

Compared to traditional tDCS, HD-tDCS increases the focality of stimulation. Typical sites of stimulation are often based on the 10-20 EEG system. However, determining the precise stimulation points beyond this system can be difficult. This paper combines a 3D digitizer with HD-tDCS to determine stimulation points beyond the 10-20 system. It is important to clearly define the steps and precautions for making and using the electrode cap in such cases.

In general, the position of target stimulat.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
1X1 Low Intensity transcranial DC Stimulator	Soterix Medical	1300A
3-dimensional Polhemus-Patriot Digitizer	POLHEMUS	1A0453-001	PATRIOT system component
4X1 Multi-Channel Stimulation Interface	Soterix Medical	4X1-C3
Dell desktop computer	Dell	CRFC4J2	Master computer to run 3D digitizer application