Conjunctival Commensal Isolation and Identification in Mice

Summary

Presented here is a protocol for the isolation and amplification of aerobic and facultative anaerobic mouse conjunctival commensal bacteria using a unique eye swab and culture-based enrichment step with subsequent identification by microbiological based methods and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.

Abstract

The ocular surface was once considered immune privileged and abiotic, but recently it appears that there is a small, but persistent commensal presence. Identification and monitoring of bacterial species at the ocular mucosa have been challenging due to their low abundance and limited availability of appropriate methodology for commensal growth and identification. There are two standard approaches: culture based or DNA sequencing methods. The first method is problematic due to the limited recoverable bacteria and the second approach identifies both live and dead bacteria leading to an aberrant representation of the ocular space. We developed a robust and sensitive method for bacterial isolation by building upon standard microbiological culturing techniques. This is a swab-based technique, utilizing an “in-lab” made thin swab that targets the lower conjunctiva, followed by an amplification step for aerobic and facultative anaerobic genera. This protocol has allowed us to isolate and identify conjunctival species such as Corynebacterium spp., Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., etc. The approach is suitable to define commensal diversity in mice under different disease conditions.

Introduction

The aim of this protocol is to enhance specific isolation of viable and rare aerobic and facultative anaerobic microbes from the ocular conjunctiva to characterize the ocular microbiome. Extensive studies have profiled commensal mucosal communities on the skin, gut, respiratory and genital tracts and show that these communities influence the development of the immune system and response^1,2,3. Ocular commensal communities have been shown to change during certain disease pathologies, such as Dry eye disease⁴, Sjogren’s syndrome⁵ and diabetes⁶. Yet, the ability to define a typical ocular surface commensal community is hampered by their relatively low abundance compared to the other mucosal sites^6,7,8. This prompts a controversy over whether there is a resident ocular microbiome and if it exists, whether it differs from the skin microbiome and consequently, its local effect on the innate immune system development and response. This protocol can help resolve this question.

Generally, approaches to define the ocular commensal niche are based on sequencing and culture-based techniques^4,7,9. 16 S rDNA sequencing and BRISK analysis⁷ show a broader diversity than culture-based techniques, but are unable to differentiate between live and dead microbes. Since the ocular surface is hostile to many microbes due to tear film’s anti-microbial properties⁴ generating a large array of DNA fragments, DNA based approaches will detect these artifacts which may skew the data toward identification of dead bacteria as resident commensals rather than contaminants. This results in aberrant commensal identification and characterization of the ocular space as being higher in microbe abundance and diversity¹⁰. This makes it difficult to define the resident ocular microbiome via DNA based methods. Whereas, standard culture-based techniques are unable to detect commensals because the load is too low¹¹. Our method improves upon standard practices by using a thin swab that can target the conjunctiva, thus avoiding contamination from neighboring skin, as well as the concept that viable organisms can be enriched by brief culture in nutrient dense media with the goal of resuscitating viable but non-culturable, as well as, enriching for rare viable microbes.

The results, relative abundance of ocular commensals per eye swab, characterize the conjunctiva resident microbiome and are important for comparative purposes. Our data shows that there is a difference between skin and conjunctival microbiota, as well as greater diversity with increased age and a sex specific difference in abundance. Furthermore, this approach has reproducibly found commensal differences in knock-out mice¹². This protocol can be applied to describe the ocular microbiome which may vary due to caging practices, geography, or disease state, as well as the local effects of commensal metabolites and products on immune system development and response.

Protocol

All procedures involving mice follow the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee guidelines. Follow laboratory safety guidelines (as directed by your Institutional Environmental Health and Safety department) when working with microorganisms and potentially contaminated materials. Use appropriate waste receptacles and decontamination procedures prior to disposal of potentially biohazard contaminated materials.

1. Eye swab preparation, work field set-up, mouse eye swabbing and sample enrichment

1. Prepare sterile eye swabs
   NOTE: Sterile eye swabs are thinly coated wooden toothpicks with a fiber thin layer of cotton batting and made in house.
   1. Autoclave appropriate amount of cotton batting and toothpicks for number of mice to be swabbed.
   2. Pinch off a half a centimeter-long piece of cotton batting with thumb and forefinger. Tease out batting by pulling on the edges with thumbs and forefingers to form a flat single porous layer, stopping just before the batting falls apart (small bits of cotton dispersed throughout the stretched batting are acceptable).
   3. Swirl the batting around one of the sharp ends of the toothpick by lightly holding the stretched-out piece on the toothpick tip as it is twisted, see Figure 1. The “completed” eye swab will have a very thin layer of cotton stretched over the tip, extending approximately one half to one centimeter away from the tip.
   4. Insert “completed” swabs into small beaker, swab side down and cover. Autoclave.
2. Set up the workspace
   1. Prepare anesthesia containing 2 mL of ketamine (100 mg/mL), 400 µL of xylazine (100 mg/ml) and 27.6 mL of sterile saline (0.9% NaCl in dH₂O) in a sterile 50 mL sterile centrifuge tube. Filter sterilize and aliquot anesthesia for immediate use (may be stored at 4 °C for 1 month; always allow to equilibrate to room temperature prior to use).
   2. Clear and clean the work area with disinfectant to minimize contamination.
   3. Aliquot 0.5 mL of sterile Brain Heart Infusion media (BHI) into labeled 1.5 mL sterile microcentrifuge tubes (1 tube per mouse and control); arrange in microcentrifuge rack. Set the rack on ice.
   4. Set up work flow as follows (from left to right): mouse anesthetizing station (cage containing experimental mice, empty sterile cage, room temperature anesthesia, 25 G needle and 1 mL syringe), eye swabbing station (aliquoted BHI on ice, sterilized eye swabs, clean paper towels, 70% isopropanol spray) and plating station (room temperature blood agar plates, 10 µL pipette, 10 µL sterile disposable tips, biohazard waste container).
3. Eye swabbing
   1. Administer 10 µL of anesthesia per 1 g of mouse weight dosage of ketamine and xylazine respectively intraperitoneally to each adult mouse and place into an autoclaved cage. Test anesthetization by squeezing hindfoot pad; no movement indicates appropriate anesthetization.
   2. Assign one hand to only handle anesthetized mice and the other hand to only handle the eye swab and the culture. For swabbing, remove the fully anesthetized mouse from the cage; place on top of clean work surface positioned on its’ side with left eye exposed. Spray gloved hands with isopropanol, dry with clean paper towel.
   3. Uncap specifically labeled BHI micro-centrifuge tube with dedicated media handling hand. Place the tube back into the micro-centrifuge rack on ice.  Dip the cotton coated tip of the eye swab in BHI, withdraw the eye swab from the tube swirling the tip 2 times against the inner tube to remove excess liquid. 
   4. With the mouse handling hand, gently hold the mouse by the scruff of the neck. With the other hand, place the tip of eye swab against the medial conjunctival region of the left eye, see Figure 2A. Lightly depress the eyeball and move the swab in a window washing motion (Figure 2B) back and forth, between the lower eyelid and eye, 10 times. Maintain constant pressure.
   5. Without touching the fur, gently remove the tip of swab, perpendicular to where it was inserted, and place the swab cotton side down directly into a labeled micro-centrifuge tube containing BHI media. Apply a lubricating eye drop to the swabbed eye.
   6. Return the mouse to the cage.
   7. Let the swab stand for 10 to 15 min on ice and remove eye swab with the sterilized gloved hand by mixing the tip in the media for 10 rotations. Withdraw the swab by swirling tip against the inner wall of the micro-centrifuge tube for 5 rotations. Dispose of the swab in biohazard container.
   8. Repeat steps 1.3.2 to 1.3.7 for each mouse and for control samples (skin or fur swab). Sterilize gloves appropriately between each swab.
4. Enrichment
   1. Enrich the sample by incubating the tube statically for 1 h at 37 °C
   2. During incubation, label one room temperature Trypticase Soy with 5% sheep’s blood agar plate (TSA plate) per mouse and divide in half.
   3. After eye swab culture incubation, remove enriched samples from the incubator and place on ice.
   4. Briefly vortex samples to mix and plate according to the schematic in Figure 3A. Aliquot 10 µL of the sample onto the TSA plate and tilt the plate to form a strip, repeat 2 times.
   5. On the other side of the plate’s dividing line, dot 10 µL of sample on agar, repeat 9 times.
   6. Incubate plates at 37 °C for 18 h, 2 days, and 4 days (in a clean chamber that prevents agar plates from drying). Count colonies in strips, note morphology and calculate colony forming units (CFUs) per swab for morphologically similar isolates. Look at dots for unique organisms not captured in strips.

2. Master plate, characterization, and identification of ocular microbes

1. Master plate
   1. Draw grids on the back of a TSA plate (Figure 3B). Pick a colony with a sterile toothpick from each mouse eye swab plate and streak the master plate square (grids), label grid with colony number and mouse information. Pick and plate three different colonies for each morphologically distinct colony.
   2. Incubate the plate overnight at 37 °C. Continue incubation for 96 hours, checking daily for the appearance of new isolates.
      NOTE: The Commensal population will vary based on mouse age, nutrition, disease state and caging practices. Isolate characterization is based on the predominant aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria found in our laboratory.
2. Characterization
   1. Duplicate¹³ plate microbes on Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) and MacConkey (MAC) plates, incubate overnight at 37 °C. Note growth for each isolate and presence of waxy colonies or yellow colonies with halo on MSA.
   2. For Gram positive cocci, test with the catalase test^13,14. Place a drop of 3% hydrogen peroxide on a clean glass slide. Using a sterile toothpick, pick the corresponding microbe from the eye swab plate. No bubble formation indicates Streptococcus spp., slight bubble formation indicates Corynebacterium spp. and perhaps Aerococcus spp. and rapid bubble formation indicates Staphylococcus spp.
3. Identification: MALDI-TOF MS analysis
   NOTE: Bacterial identifications are carried out using the MALDI-TOF and the Software Database. This system employs matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for developing spectra profiles which are compared to known bacterial spectra for identification. E.coli, ATCC 8739, is used for system calibration.
   1. Plate bacterial isolates onto TSA plates containing 5% sheep blood and incubate overnight with 5% carbon dioxide at 37 ˚C.
   2. Using a 1 µL loop, apply a thin layer of the pure bacteria to the MALDI-TOF target slide; 1 µL of MALDI-TOF MS CHCA matrix solution (alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid) is overlaid and allowed to air dry completely before loading the slide into the MALDI-TOF instrument.
   3. Each isolate is spotted in duplicate.
   4. Reports containing probability scores greater than 80%, which indicate a high discrimination value, are accepted as reliable results and the bacterial identification accepted.

Results

Representative results for an eye swab plate demonstrating different methods for plating are pictured in Figure 3A showing morphologically diverse isolates from C57BL/6 mouse. For each distinct isolate, the colonies were counted in the strip and the relative abundance, unique Colony Forming Units (CFUs) per eye swab, calculated and plotted for comparison purposes. For microbiological characterization, bacteria were picked from individual mouse eye swab plates to produce a master TSA plate (c...

Discussion

Due to the paucibacterial state of the ocular surface, many laboratories have had difficulty isolating ocular commensals^7,20, resulting in low number of samples with growth, low abundance and low diversity⁸. This method significantly improves upon standard culture practices^4,21 by the addition of an enrichment step, as well as a redesigned eye swab and identification by MALDI-TOF M...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
0.1 to 10 µl pipet tip	USA Scientific	1110-300	autoclave before use
0.5 to 10 µl Eppendorf pipet	Fisher Scientific	13-690-026
1 ml syringe	Fisher Scientific	BD309623	1 syringe for each eye swab group
1.5 ml Eppendorf tubes	USA Scientific	1615-5500	autoclave before use
1000 µ ml pipet tip	USA Scientific	1111-2021	autoclave before use
200 to 1000µl Gilson pipetman (P1000)	Fisher Scientific	F123602G
25 G needle	Fisher Scientific	14-826AA	1 needle per eye swab group
3 % Hydrogen Peroxide	Fisher Scientific	S25359
37 ° C Incubator	Lab equipment
70 % Isopropanol	Fisher Scientific	PX1840-4
Ana-Sed Injection (Xylazine 100 mg/ml)	Santa Cruz Animal Health	SC-362949Rx
BD BBL Gram Stain kit	Fisher Scientific	B12539
Bunsen Burner	Lab equipment
Clean paper towels	Lab equipment
Cotton Batting/Sterile rolled cotton	CVS
Disposable 1 ml Pipets	Fisher Scientific	13-711-9AM	for Gram stain and catalase tests
E.coli	ATTC	ATCC 8739
Glass slides	Fisher Scientific	12-550-A3	for Gram stain and catalase tests
Ketamine (100mg/ml)	Henry Schein	9950001
Mac Conkey Agar Plates	Fisher Scientific	4321270	store at 4 °C until ready to use
Mannitol Salt Agar	Carolina Biological Supply	784641	Prepare plates according to mfr's instructions, store at 4 °C for 1 week
Mice	Jackson Labs	C57/BL6J
Petri Dishes	Fisher Scientific	08-757-12	for Mannitol Salt agar plates
RPI Brain Heart Infusion Media	Fisher Scientific	50-488525	prepare according to directions and autoclave
SteriFlip (0.22 µm pore size polyester sulfone)	EMD/Millipore, Fisher Scientifc	SCGP00525	to sterilize anesthesia
Sterile Corning Centrifuge Tube	Fisher Scientific	430829	anesthesia preparation
Sterile mouse cage	Lab equipment
Tooth picks (round bamboo)	Kitchen Essentials		autoclave before use and swab preparation
Trypticase Soy Agar II with 5% Sheep's Blood Plates	Fisher Scientific	4321261	store at 4 °C until ready to use
Vitek target slide	BioMerieux Inc. Durham,NC
Vitek-MS	BioMerieux Inc. Durham,NC
Vitek-MS CHCA matrix solution	BioMerieux Inc. Durham, NC	411071
Single use eye drops	CVS Pharmacy		Bausch and Lomb Soothe Lubricant Eye Drops, 28 vials, 0.02 fl oz. each