Air-Inflation of Murine Lungs with Vascular Perfusion-Fixation

Summary

Presented is a method for air-inflation with vascular perfusion-fixation of the lungs that preserves the location of cells within airways, alveoli and interstitium for structure-function analyses. Constant airway pressure is maintained with an air-inflation chamber while fixative is perfused via the right ventricle. Lungs are processed for histologic studies.

Abstract

Lung histology is often used to investigate the contributions provided by airspace cells during lung homeostasis and disease pathogenesis. However, commonly used instillation-based fixation methods can displace airspace cells and mucus into terminal airways and can alter tissue morphology. In comparison, vascular perfusion-fixation techniques are superior at preserving the location and morphology of cells within airspaces and the mucosal lining. However, if positive airway pressure is not simultaneously applied, regions of the lungs may collapse and capillaries may bulge into the alveolar spaces, leading to distortion of the lung anatomy. Herein, we describe an inexpensive method for air-inflation during vascular perfusion-fixation to preserve the morphology and location of airway and alveolar cells and interstitium in murine lungs for downstream histologic studies. Constant air pressure is delivered to the lungs via the trachea from a sealed, air-filled chamber that maintains pressure via an adjustable liquid column while fixative is perfused through the right ventricle.

Introduction

Lung histology represents the gold standard for assessing lung architecture during health and disease and is one of the most commonly used tools by pulmonary researchers¹. One of the most critical aspects of this technique is the proper isolation and preservation of lung tissue, since variability in this step can lead to poor tissue quality and erroneous results^1,2,3. In living animals, lung volume is determined by the balance between inward elastic recoil of the lung and outward forces transmitted from the chest wall and diaphragm by surface tension. ....

Protocol

All methods described in this protocol have been approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) of National Jewish Health.

NOTE: The protocol is organized into three components. The first component details the construction of the air-inflation with perfusion/fixation equipment. A second section describes how to set up the equipment for an experiment. The final section describes how to prepare the animal and perform the experiment.

1. Construction of the water column apparatus (Figure 1B)

1. Remove the plunger from a 60 mL slip tip syringe.
2. Atta....

Results

In an intact thorax, the lungs are held open by outward forces applied by the chest wall via the pleural space^6,14. When the diaphragm is entered during dissection, the integrity of the pleural space is abolished and the lungs should collapse (Figure 2A, 2B). To re-expand the lungs, air inflation is performed. As a first step, 25 cm of water pressure is applied to ensure recruitment of collapsed airspaces. Accordingl.......

Discussion

Although commonly used, intratracheal-based fixation methods displace leukocytes from the airways and can alter normal lung architecture. The method of air-inflation with vascular perfusion-fixation that is provided in this protocol overcomes these pitfalls and more accurately preserves lung anatomy. The keys to obtaining high-quality tissue from the vascular perfusion-fixation method include careful monitoring of air-inflation pressures, avoidance of air leaks, and ensuring adequate perfusion of fixative into the vascul.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
00117XF-Stopcock 1 way 100/PK M Luer	Cole-Parmer	Mfr # VPB1000050N – Item # EW-00117-XF	Stopcock
BD 60 mL syringe, slip tip	BD	309654	Syringe used to construct the water column
BD PrecisionGlide Needle 25G x 5/8	BD Biosciences	305122	Needle for vascular perfusion/fixation
Female Luer Thread Style Panel Mount 1/4-28 UNF to Male Luer	Nordson Medical	FTLLBMLRL-1	Female Luer
Heparin sodium salt from porcine intestinal mucosa	Sigma-Aldrich	H3393	Heparin solution.
Luer-Stub Adapter BD Intramedic 20 Gauge	BD Biosciences	427564	Luer-Stub Adapter
Male Luer (2) to Female Luer Thread Style Tee	Nordson Medical	LT787-9	Male Luer
Nalgene 180 Clear Plastic PVC Tubing	ThermoFisher Scientific	8000-9020	Tubing
Paraformaldehyde Aqueous Solution - 32%	Electron Microscopy Sciences	15714-S	Fixative solution. Diluted to 4% with phosphate buffered saline
Permatex Ultra Blue Multipurpose RTV Silicone Gasket Maker	Permatex	81724	Silicone Gasket Maker for air-tight sealing of chambers
Phosphate-Buffered Saline, 1x Without Calcium and Magnesium	Corning	21-040-CV	Bottle used to construct the air-inflation chamber, and buffer used for heparin and fixative solutions
Sterilite Ultra Seal 16.0 cup rectangle food storage container	Sterilite	0342	Animal processing container