Locomotor Assessment of 6-Hydroxydopamine-induced Adult Zebrafish-based Parkinson's Disease Model

Summary

The present protocol describes the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of adult zebrafish with neurotoxic 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) at the ventral diencephalon (Dn) and the assessment of the impairment and subsequent recovery of swimming behavior postlesion by using the open tank test, which is accompanied by analysis using a video tracking software.

Abstract

The limitations of current treatments in delaying dopaminergic neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease (PD) raise the need for alternative therapies that can restore these neurons. Much effort is currently directed toward a better understanding of neuroregeneration using preclinical in vivo models. This regenerative capability for self-repair is, however, inefficient in mammals. Non-mammalian animals like zebrafish have thus emerged as an excellent neuroregenerative model due to its capability to continuously self-renew and have a close brain homology to humans. As part of the effort in elucidating cellular events involved in neuroregeneration in vivo, we have established the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced adult zebrafish-based PD model. This was achieved through the optimized intracerebroventricular (ICV) microinjection of 99.96 mM 6-OHDA to specifically ablate dopaminergic neurons (DpN) in the ventral diencephalon (Dn) of zebrafish brain. Immunofluorescence indicated more than 85% of DpN ablation at day three postlesion and full restoration of DpN at lesioned site 30 days postlesion. The present study determined the impairment and subsequent recovery of zebrafish swimming behavior following lesion by using the open field test through which two parameters, distance traveled (cm) and mean speed (cm/s), were quantified. The locomotion was assessed by analyzing the recordings of individual fish of each group (n = 6) using video tracking software. The findings showed a significant (p < 0.0001) reduction in speed (cm/s) and distance traveled (cm) of lesioned zebrafish 3 days postlesion when compared to sham. The lesioned zebrafish exhibited full recovery of swimming behavior 30 days postlesion. The present findings suggest that 6-OHDA lesioned adult zebrafish is an excellent model with reproducible quality to facilitate the study of neuroregeneration in PD. Future studies on the mechanisms underlying neuroregeneration as well as intrinsic and extrinsic factors that modulate the process may provide important insight into new cell replacement treatment strategies against PD.

Introduction

Parkinson's disease (PD), a disease distinctively characterized by muscle rigidity, resting tremor, and bradykinesia, is the fastest growing neurological disease in the world^1,2. The risk and prevalence of PD increase rapidly with age especially in individuals aged 50 years and above³. The etiology and pathogenesis of PD hitherto remain poorly understood. This has often left the early-onset of PD undiagnosed. At present, the lack of dopamine and the loss of dopaminergic neurons (DpN) in PD patients are strongly linked to the manifestation of motor symptoms⁴. Capitalizing on this relationship, several treatments have been designed either to act directly as dopamine replacement (i.e., levodopa) or to compensate for the loss of DpN (i.e., deep brain stimulation). Although these treatments bring about symptomatic benefits, they do not modify the deteriorating course of the disease⁵. In view of this significant weakness, cell replacement therapy has been proposed. The efficacy of this approach is, however, inconsistent given the challenges of graft preparation, cell growth control, and phenotype instability. Cell replacement therapy, which had raised ethical concerns, also poses the risk of inducing brain tumors and unwanted immune reactions^6,7.

The limitations of current therapeutic strategies have led to a greater emphasis on the regeneration of DpN as a potential approach in treating PD. Regeneration of DpN or neuroregeneration has emerged as one of the promising breakthroughs in the management of PD, not only due to its potential as a new therapeutic method but also as means to understand the mechanism of the disease^8,9. This approach focuses on the restoration of neuronal function through differentiation, migration, and integration of existing progenitor cells into the lesioned circuitry¹⁰. In order to further explore neuroregeneration, various in vivo studies have been undertaken. It was found that vertebrates such as mammals, amphibians, and reptiles generate new brain cells following injury^11,12. Among the vertebrates, mammalian animals are more sought after given their genetic resemblance to human beings. Mammals, however, exhibit limited and poor reparative capacity in the central nervous system (CNS) that can last through adulthood following a brain lesion¹³. In general, mammals are unsuited as animal models for understanding neuroregeneration given that the low number of neurons produced will not be sufficient to restore damaged neural circuits observed in PD. As such, the teleost-based model, specifically in zebrafish, is greatly favored for its high proliferative rate, capability to continuously self-renew, and close brain homology with humans^14,15.

Zebrafish is most commonly used to study disordered movement in PD¹⁶. The zebrafish-based PD model is usually induced by neurotoxins, which include 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) and 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)¹⁷. Although effective in inducing specific loss of DpN and decrease of dopamine levels, MPTP-based models do not closely mimic the conditions of PD as the DpN loss is not restricted solely to the CNS¹⁸. The inability of 6-OHDA to cross the blood-brain barrier restricted its effects on cellular and functional changes within the brain when it is administered intracranially as opposed to intramuscularly¹⁹. Peripheral administration of 6-OHDA caused a global reduction of dopamine levels throughout the nervous system²⁰. While administration of 6-OHDA into the cerebrospinal fluid caused ablation of DpN throughout the CNS²¹, which does not mimic the condition as seen in PD whereby the loss of DpN occurs specifically at the substantia nigra of the human brain. ICV administration of 6-OHDA, on the contrary, specifically induced significant ablation of DpN in the area of ventral Dn in the zebrafish brain, which closely resembled substantia nigra²². Interestingly, recovery of DpN was reported 30 days post 6-OHDA-induced lesion and these neurons survived over the course of life^23,24. The functional recovery of DpN was demonstrated through a locomotor assessment of distance traveled (cm) and mean speed (cm/s) using the 6-OHDA-induced adult zebrafish-based PD model²².

Protocol

The present study has been approved by the Committee on Animal Research and Ethics (CARE), Universiti Technologi MARA (UiTM) [Reference No: UiTM CARE 346/2021, dated 7 May 2021].

NOTE: The published protocols^22,25,26 for standard husbandry and maintenance of the 6-OHDA-lesioned adult zebrafish PD model were utilized. Experiments were conducted with adult male zebrafish (Danio rerio) aged more than five months old with a standardized length of 3.2-3.7 cm.

1. Zebrafish maintenance and pre-ICV microinjection preparations

1. Maintain the fish in an aerated water tank under a controlled temperature of 28 ± 1.0 °C. For zebrafish husbandry and maintenance, use distilled water mineralized with commercial sea salt (1 g/L) throughout the experiment²⁷.
2. House a maximum of 25 fish per 45 L tank or one fish per 1.8 L water and expose them to a schedule of 14 h light and 10 h dark photoperiod. Feed the fish at least twice per day with food pellets supplemented with freeze-dried worms.
3. Prepare a concentrated stock solution of tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) by dissolving 2.5 g of MS-222 and 5 g of sodium bicarbonate in 250 mL of distilled water. Dilute 2 mL of stock solution to produce 200 mL of working anesthesia solution.
4. Prepare 99.96 mM of 6-OHDA by first dissolving 0.2 mg of ascorbic acid in 1 mL of 0.9% w/v sterile-filtered NaCl. Filter the solution with 0.2-micron filter before adding 25 mg of 6-OHDA in powder form into the solution. Prepare the solution fresh before each injection and store it in dark at 4 °C.
   CAUTION: Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (i.e., gloves, laboratory coat, and face mask) and practice good laboratory practices when handling the chemicals. All handlings of the chemicals should be done within a biosafety cabinet.

2. Anaesthetisation and ICV injection of zebrafish

1. Fast the fish for 24 h to avoid regurgitation during anesthesia. Anaesthetise the fish by immersing it into a container containing 0.01% w/v of MS-222 solution for approximately 1 min or until all visible muscular movement ceases.
2. Position the anesthetized fish on a water-soaked sponge placed under a stereomicroscope and wet the fish regularly.
3. Identify the position for injection based on the intersection between the metopic suture (MS), coronal suture (CS), and sagittal suture (SS) that connects the frontal and parietal skull of the zebrafish brain.
4. Make a small hole of 1.0 mm² area using a sharp 27 G needle in the skull guided by the specific anatomical position on the zebrafish skull (Figure 1A,B).
5. Lower the microcapillary injector at a 60° angle until it reaches a depth of 1,200 µm from the cranial roof of the zebrafish skull (Figure 1C). Press the Z limit to fix the position.
6. Set the initial injection pressure to 4000 hPa and compensation pressure to 10 hPa. Set the duration of injection to 0.3 s. Lower the intensity of injection with each subsequent injection.
7. Inject 0.5 µL of 99.96 mM neurotoxin 6-OHDA (or 0.9% w/v saline for sham control group) and let the microcapillary rest for 20 s. Continue to wet the fish with distilled water throughout the injection process to prevent drying out.
8. Slowly remove the microcapillary and resuscitate the fish under running distilled water. Place the fish in an isolated recovery tank and remove any distractions that can potentially disturb the recovery process.
9. Flush the microcapillary before the next injection to clear the blockage and ensure that the intensity of injection is sufficient to yield the desired volume of 0.5 µL of 6-OHDA.

Figure 1: Injection site of neurotoxin, 6-OHDA. (A) The point of microcapillary entry is guided by the intersection between the metopic suture (MS), coronal suture (CS), and sagittal suture (SS) that connects the frontal and parietal skull of the zebrafish brain (plan view). (B) A schematic drawing (plan view) of the zebrafish skull and brain shows the microcapillary, which is lowered directly above the habenula (Hab), and its point of entry at the intersection between hemispheres. (C) A schematic drawing (sagittal section) of the zebrafish brain shows the angle of injection and depth of penetration. The black dot represents the lesioned site that is situated above the targeted area, the ventral diencephalon. Abbreviations: 6-OHDA: 6-hydroxydopamine, CS: coronal suture, Dn: diencephalon, Hab: habenula, Hyp: hypothalamus, MS: metopic suture, OB: olfactory bulb, POA: preoptic area, PT: posterior tuberculum, SS: sagittal suture, Tec: tectum, and Tel: telencephalon. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

3. Locomotor assessment

NOTE: Locomotor assessment of zebrafish (n = six / group; sham vs lesioned) was assessed individually via the open tank test using established protocols^28,29 at day three and day 30 post-6-OHDA lesion.

1. Video recording
   1. Place the experimental tank (length 20 cm, width 11.5 cm, height 13 cm) with its walls covered with white paper on a raised platform (Figure 2A).
   2. Illuminate the tank from the bottom using a light source. Fill the tank with distilled water (80%-90% full) and maintain the temperature at 28 ± 1.0 °C. Measure the temperature using a thermometer and regulate it using a commercial aquarium heater.
   3. After a minimum of 2 min of acclimatization, record the fish swimming behavior from a plan view on the 2-dimensional (2D) plane of the experimental arena using a video camera for 5 min (Figure 2B). To avoid inconsistency in the swimming behavior of the earlier and the last batch of recordings, do not exceed the acclimatization by 10 min³⁰.
   4. Analyze the videos using video tracking software with the open-tank protocol for the acquisition of distance traveled (cm) and mean speed (cm/s) of each subject.

Figure 2: Experimental setup of an open tank test for assessment of zebrafish locomotor behavior. (A) The experimental tank (front view) is placed on a raised platform that is illuminated from below. The four walls of the tank are covered with white paper and the recordings are captured axially. The temperature is measured using a thermometer and regulated at 28 ± 1.0 °C using a commercial aquarium heater. (B) Screenshot (plan view) of video recording that is captured using the setup. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

2. Data analysis
   1. Double click on the icon to open the video tracking software. Click on the File tab and select Create New Empty Experiment. This will allow the user to customize the experiment parameters according to the aims of the investigation.
   2. Click on the Protocol tab, select Video Sources, and click on Add New Video Source. Click on the available drop-down list and select the Video File option. This will prompt the file browsing pop-up from which the video recordings of interest can be selected.
   3. Click on the Apparatus subtab and select the Rectangular icon to set up the apparatus. Drag the rectangular icon to cover the whole experimental arena. Set the scale bar accordingly and input the numerical value of the scale measurement used in the length of the ruler section. The present experiment used a 10 mm scale for the open tank test.
   4. Set the animal color by selecting The Animals are Darker than The Apparatus Background. Leave the other available options in Tracking to the preset default settings.
   5. In the Zones subtab, click on the previously drawn apparatus. This zone is set as the standard zone of which the position is the same for all tests.
   6. Select the following options under test scheduling and test data report: Test Duration, Total Distance Traveled, and Average Speed. Other available tests on the list are optional and dependent on the researcher's investigative interest.
   7. In the Experiment tab, assign the animals according to their test group by typing in the group name under the Name section and the number of animals per group in the Number of Animals section.
   8. Switch to Tests tab to run the experiment. Click on the Start Test icon and wait until all the videos are analyzed.
   9. In the Results tab, click on the View the Report icon to view the locomotor data in text report form.

Results

The present experiment assessed the changes in adult zebrafish swimming behavior following ICV microinjection with 6-OHDA. The reason for using 6-OHDA as the neurotoxin of choice was due to its inability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which produced specific and targeted ablation of DpN in the area of interest-ventral diencephalon (Dn)¹⁶. The DpN subpopulation here holds anatomical resemblance to the DpN subpopulation in the human's substantia nigra pars compacta³¹.

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Discussion

The present work successfully demonstrated the locomotor assessment of the established 6-OHDA-induced, adult zebrafish-based PD model. The entire experiment involved three major steps: pre-ICV microinjection preparations, ICV microinjection of zebrafish, and locomotor assessment. To ensure the healthy recovery of adult zebrafish following the ICV microinjection procedure and good experimental outcome, some good practices for each step have been recommended in the present study.

Pre-ICV microin...

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Materials
6-Hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)	Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA	162957
Ascorbic acid	Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA	FKC#A/8882/53
Disposable pasteur pipette, 3 mL	Thermo Fisher Scientific, California, USA	FB55348
Microcentrifuge tube, 0.2 mL	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	30124332
Nice conical flask, 100 mL	Evergreen Engineering & Resources, Semenyih, Malaysia	SumYau0200
Phosphate buffered saline (PBS)	Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA	P4417
Sodium bicarbonate	Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA	S5761
Sodium chloride	Merck, Darmstadt, Germany	106404
Stereomicroscope	Nikon, Tokyo, Japan	SMZ745
Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222)	Sigma-Aldrich, Missouri, USA	E10521
Equipment
ANY-maze software	Stoelting Co., Illinois, USA	-	version 7.0; video tracking software
Cubis II Micro Lab Balance	Sartorius, Göttingen, Germany	SE 2
FemtoJet IV microinjector	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	5192000035
Femtotip II, sterile injection capillary	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	5242957000
InjectMan 4 micromanipulator	Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany	5192000027
LED Portable Lamp	MR. DIY, Selangor, Malaysia	9023251	20 mAh
PELCO Pro Superalloy, offset, fine tips	Ted Pella, California, USA	5367-12NM
Shanda aquarium heater	Yek Fong Aquarium, Selangor, Malaysia	SDH-228
Thermometer	Sera Precision, Heinsberg, Germany	52525
Video camera	Nikon, Tokyo, Japan	D3100