Automated Multimodal Stimulation and Simultaneous Neuronal Recording from Multiple Small Organisms

Summary

We present a method for the flexible chemical and multimodal stimulation and recording of simultaneous neural activity from many Caenorhabditis elegans worms. This method uses microfluidics, open-source hardware and software, and supervised automated data analysis to enable the measurement of neuronal phenomena such as adaptation, temporal inhibition, and stimulus crosstalk.

Abstract

Fluorescent genetically encoded calcium indicators have contributed greatly to our understanding of neural dynamics from the level of individual neurons to entire brain circuits. However, neural responses may vary due to prior experience, internal states, or stochastic factors, thus generating the need for methods that can assess neural function across many individuals at once. Whereas most recording techniques examine a single animal at a time, we describe the use of wide-field microscopy to scale up neuronal recordings to dozens of Caenorhabditis elegans or other sub-millimeter-scale organisms at once. Open-source hardware and software allow great flexibility in programming fully automated experiments that control the intensity and timing of various stimulus types, including chemical, optical, mechanical, thermal, and electromagnetic stimuli. In particular, microfluidic flow devices provide precise, repeatable, and quantitative control of chemosensory stimuli with sub-second time resolution. The NeuroTracker semi-automated data analysis pipeline then extracts individual and population-wide neural responses to uncover functional changes in neural excitability and dynamics. This paper presents examples of measuring neuronal adaptation, temporal inhibition, and stimulus crosstalk. These techniques increase the precision and repeatability of stimulation, allow the exploration of population variability, and are generalizable to other dynamic fluorescent signals in small biosystems from cells and organoids to whole organisms and plants.

Introduction

Calcium imaging techniques have allowed the noninvasive recording of in vivo neural dynamics in real time using fluorescence microscopy and genetically encoded calcium indicators expressed in target cells^1,2,3. These sensors typically use a green fluorescent protein (GFP), such as the GFP-calmodulin-M13 peptide (GCaMP) family, to increase the fluorescence intensity upon neuronal activation and elevated intracellular calcium levels. Calcium imaging has been especially powerful in the nematode C. elegans for examining how neurons and neural circuits function i....

Protocol

1. Neural imaging equipment

NOTE: See Lawler and Albrecht¹⁵ for detailed instructions on building the imaging and stimulation system, which controls the microscope illumination timing, image acquisition, and stimulus delivery (Figure 1). An inexpensive Arduino Nano stimulus controller actuates the fluidic valves through digital signals to a valve controller and controls the optogenetic illumination through analog voltage signals to an LED controller. Other stimuli, such as vibration motors and thermal heaters, can be controlled using digital or analog signals. The stimulus....

Results

We present several examples of stimulus patterns that assess different neural phenomena, including temporal inhibition, adaptation, and disinhibition. Temporal inhibition is the momentary suppression of a neural response to a second stimulus presentation occurring shortly after the initial presentation¹⁴. To test this phenomenon, in a paired-pulse experiment, eight patterns consisting of two 1 s odorant pulses separated by an interval ranging from 0 s to 20 s were presented (

Discussion

In this protocol, we describe an open-access microscopy system for the assessment of neural activity phenomena using the temporally precise delivery of different stimulus patterns. The microfluidic platform delivers repeatable stimuli while keeping tens of animals in the microscope field of view. Few commercial microscopy software packages allow for the easy programming of various stimulus timing patterns, and those that do often require the manual entry of each pattern or proprietary file formats. In contrast, experimen.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Bacterial strains
E. coli (OP50)	Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC)	Cat# OP50
Experimental models: Organisms/strains
C. elegans strains expressing GCaMP (and optionally, Chrimson) in desired neurons	Caenorhabditis Genetics Center (CGC) or corresponding authors of published work	NZ1091, for example
Chemicals, Treatments, and Worm Preparation Supplies
2,3-Butanedione	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# B85307	diacetyl, example chemical stimulus
Calcium chloride, CaCl2	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# C3881
Fluorescein, Sodium salt	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# F6377
Glass water repellant	Rain-X	Cat #800002250	glass hydrophobic treatment (single-use)
Magnesium chloride, MgCl2	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# M2393
Nematode Growth Medium (NGM) agar	Genesee	Cat #: 20-273NGM
Petri dishes (60 mm)	Tritech	Cat #T3305
Poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS): Sylgard 184	Dow Chemical	Cat# 1673921
Potassium phosphate monobasic	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# P5655
Potassium phosphate dibasic	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# P8281
Sodium chloride, NaCl	Sigma-Aldrich	Cat# S7653
(tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)trichlorosilane (TFOCS)	Gelest	CAS# 78560-45-9	glass hydrophobic treatment (durable)
Software and algorithms
Arduino IDE	Arduino	https://www.arduino.cc/en/software
ImageJ	NIH	https://imagej.nih.gov/ij/
MATLAB	MathWorks	https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html
Micro-manager	Micro-manager	https://micro-manager.org/
Microscope control software	Albrecht Lab	https://github.com/albrechtLab/MicroscopeControl
Neurotracker data analysis software	Albrecht Lab	https://github.com/albrechtLab/Neurotracker
Automated Microscope and Stimulation System
Axio Observer.A1 inverted microscope set up for epifluorescence (GFP filter cubes, 5× objective or similar)	Zeiss	Cat #491237-0012-000
Excelitas X-cite XYLIS LED illuminator	Excelitas	Cat #XYLIS
Orca Flash 4.0 Digital sCMOS camera	Hamamatsu	Cat #C11440-22CU
Arduino nano	Arduino	Cat #A000005
3-way Miniature Diapragm Isolation Valve (LQX12)	Parker	Cat #LQX12-3W24FF48-000	Valve 1: Control
2-way normally-closed (NC) Pinch Valve	Bio-Chem Valve Inc	Cat #075P2-S432	Valve 2: Outflow
3-way Pinch Valve	NResearch	Cat #161P091	Valve 3: Stimulus selection
Optogenetic stimulation LED and controller (615 nm)	Mightex	Cat #PLS-0625-030-S and #SLA-1200-2
ValveLink 8.2 digital/manual valve controller	AutoMate Scientific	Cat #01-18
Wires and connectors	various	See Fig. 2 of Cell STARS Protocol (Lawler, 2021)
Microfluidic Device Preparation
Dremel variable speed rotary cutter 4000	Dremel	Cat #F0134000AB	Set speed to 5k RPM for cutting glass
Dremel drill press rotary tool workstation	Dremel	Cat #220-01
Diamond drill bit	Dremel	Cat #7134
Glass slide, 1 mm thick	VWR	Cat #75799-268
Glass scribe (Diamond scriber)	Ted Pella	Cat #54468
Luer 3-way stopcock	Cole-Parmer	Cat #EW-30600-07
Luer 23 G blunt needle	VWR	Cat #89134-100
Microfluidic device	Corresponing author or fabricate from CAD files associated with this article	N/A
Microfluidic device clamp	Warner Instruments (or machine shop)	P-2
Microfluidic tubing, 0.02″ ID	Cole-Parmer	Cat #EW-06419-01
Tube 19 G, 0.5″	New England Small Tube	Cat #NE-1027-12