Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Summary

Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) is a transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol to probe sensorimotor integration. This article describes how SAI can be used to study the convergent sensorimotor loops in the motor cortex during sensorimotor behavior.

Abstract

Skilled motor ability depends on efficiently integrating sensory afference into the appropriate motor commands. Afferent inhibition provides a valuable tool to probe the procedural and declarative influence over sensorimotor integration during skilled motor actions. This manuscript describes the methodology and contributions of short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) for understanding sensorimotor integration. SAI quantifies the effect of a convergent afferent volley on the corticospinal motor output evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). The afferent volley is triggered by the electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. The TMS stimulus is delivered to a location over the primary motor cortex that elicits a reliable motor-evoked response in a muscle served by that afferent nerve. The extent of inhibition in the motor-evoked response reflects the magnitude of the afferent volley converging on the motor cortex and involves central GABAergic and cholinergic contributions. The cholinergic involvement in SAI makes SAI a possible marker of declarative-procedural interactions in sensorimotor performance and learning. More recently, studies have begun manipulating the TMS current direction in SAI to tease apart the functional significance of distinct sensorimotor circuits in the primary motor cortex for skilled motor actions. The ability to control additional pulse parameters (e.g., the pulse width) with state-of-the-art controllable pulse parameter TMS (cTMS) has enhanced the selectivity of the sensorimotor circuits probed by the TMS stimulus and provided an opportunity to create more refined models of sensorimotor control and learning. Therefore, the current manuscript focuses on SAI assessment using cTMS. However, the principles outlined here also apply to SAI assessed using conventional fixed pulse width TMS stimulators and other forms of afferent inhibition, such as long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI).

Introduction

Multiple sensorimotor loops converge in the motor cortex to shape pyramidal tract projections to spinal motor neurons and interneurons¹. However, how these sensorimotor loops interact to shape corticospinal projections and motor behavior remains an open question. Short-latency afferent inhibition (SAI) provides a tool to probe the functional properties of convergent sensorimotor loops in motor cortex output. SAI combines motor cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with electrical stimulation of the corresponding peripheral afferent nerve.

TMS is a non-invasive method to safely stimulate pyramidal motor neu....

Protocol

The following protocol can be applied to various experiments. The information provided details an experiment in which SAI is used to quantify sensorimotor integration during a finger response to a validly or invalidly cued probe. In this protocol, SAI is assessed without a task, then concurrently during the cued sensorimotor task, and then again without a task. The cTMS stimulator can be replaced by any commercially available conventional TMS stimulator. However, the pulse width of the conventional TMS stimulator would be fixed between 70-82 µs depending on the specific hardware^59,60. This study was approved b....

Results

Figure 3 illustrates examples of unconditioned and conditioned MEPs from a single participant elicited in the FDI muscle during the sensorimotor task using PA₁₂₀- and AP₃₀- (subscript denotes pulse width) induced current. The bar graphs in the middle column illustrate the raw average peak-to-peak MEP amplitudes for the unconditioned and conditioned trials. The bar graphs to the right show the SAI and MEP onset latencies for the PA₁₂₀- and AP₃₀-indu.......

Discussion

The SAI method described here probes a subset of neural pathways that play a role in sensorimotor performance and learning. Assessing SAI while participants perform controlled sensorimotor tasks is critical for disentangling the complex contributions of the numerous sensorimotor loops that converge on the motor corticospinal neurons to shape the motor output in healthy and clinical populations. For example, a similar methodology has been used to identify the cerebellar influence over procedural motor control processes

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
Acquisition software (for EMG)	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	PL3504/P	LabChart Pro version 8
Alcohol prep pads	Medline Canada Corporation, Mississauga, ON, Canada	211-MM-05507	Alliance Sterile Medium, Antiseptic Isopropyl Alcohol Pad (200 per box)
Amplifier (for EMG)	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	FE234	Quad Bio Amp
Cotton round	Cliganic, San Francisco, CA, USA	‎CL-BE-019-6PK	Premium Cotton Rounds (6-pack, 90 per package)
cTMS coils	Rogue Research, Montréal, QC, Canada	COIL70F80301	70 mm Medium Inductance Figure-8 coil
cTMS coils	Rogue Research, Montréal, QC, Canada	COIL70F80301-IC	70 mm Medium Inductance Figure-8 coil (Inverted Current)
cTMS stimulator	Rogue Research, Montréal, QC, Canada	CTMSMU0101	Elevate cTMS stimulator
Data acquisition board (for EMG)	AD Instruments, Colorado Springs, CO, USA	PL3504	PowerLab 4/35
Digital to analog board	National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA	782251-01	NI USB-6341, X Series DAQ Device with BNC Termination
Dispoable adhesive electrodes (for EMG)	Covidien, Dublin, Ireland	31112496	Kendal 130 Foam Electrodes
Electrogel	Electrodestore.com	E9	Electro-Gel for Electro-Cap (16 oz jar)
Nuprep	Weaver and Company, Aurora, CO, USA	10-30	Nuprep skin prep gel (3-pack of 4 oz tubes)
Peripheral electrical stimulator	Digitimer, Hertfordshire, UK	DS7R	DS7R High Voltage Constant Current Stimulator
Reusable bar electrode	Electrodestore.com	DDA-30	Black Bar Electrode, Flat, Cathode Distal
Software (for behaviour and stimulator triggering)	National Instruments, Austin, TX, USA	784503-35	Labview 2020
TMS stereotactic coil guidance system	Rogue Research, Montréal, QC, Canada	KITBSF0404	BrainSight Neuronavigation System
Transpore tape	3M, Saint Paul, MN, USA	50707387794571	Transpore Medical Tape (1 in x 10 yds)