Quantification of Visual Feature Selectivity of the Optokinetic Reflex in Mice

Summary

Here, we describe a standard protocol for quantifying the optokinetic reflex. It combines virtual drum stimulation and video-oculography, and thus allows precise evaluation of the feature selectivity of the behavior and its adaptive plasticity.

Abstract

The optokinetic reflex (OKR) is an essential innate eye movement that is triggered by the global motion of the visual environment and serves to stabilize retinal images. Due to its importance and robustness, the OKR has been used to study visual-motor learning and to evaluate the visual functions of mice with different genetic backgrounds, ages, and drug treatments. Here, we introduce a procedure for evaluating OKR responses of head-fixed mice with high accuracy. Head fixation can rule out the contribution of vestibular stimulation on eye movements, making it possible to measure eye movements triggered only by visual motion. The OKR is elicited by a virtual drum system, in which a vertical grating presented on three computer monitors drifts horizontally in an oscillatory manner or unidirectionally at a constant velocity. With this virtual reality system, we can systematically change visual parameters like spatial frequency, temporal/oscillation frequency, contrast, luminance, and the direction of gratings, and quantify tuning curves of visual feature selectivity. High-speed infrared video-oculography ensures accurate measurement of the trajectory of eye movements. The eyes of individual mice are calibrated to provide opportunities to compare the OKRs between animals of different ages, genders, and genetic backgrounds. The quantitative power of this technique allows it to detect changes in the OKR when this behavior plastically adapts due to aging, sensory experience, or motor learning; thus, it makes this technique a valuable addition to the repertoire of tools used to investigate the plasticity of ocular behaviors.

Introduction

In response to visual stimuli in the environment, our eyes move to shift our gaze, stabilize retinal images, track moving targets, or align the foveae of two eyes with targets located at different distances from the observer, which are vital to proper vision^1,2. Oculomotor behaviors have been widely used as attractive models of sensorimotor integration to understand the neural circuits in health and disease, at least partly because of the simplicity of the oculomotor system³. Controlled by three pairs of extraocular muscles, the eye rotates in the socket primarily around three correspon....

Protocol

All experimental procedures performed in this study were approved by the Biological Sciences Local Animal Care Committee, in accordance with guidelines established by the University of Toronto Animal Care Committee and the Canadian Council on Animal Care.

1. Implantation of a head bar on top of the skull

NOTE: To avoid the contribution of VOR behavior to the eye movements, the head of the mouse is immobilized during the OKR test. Therefore, a head bar is surgically implanted on top of the skull.

1. Anesthetize a mouse (2-5-month-old female and male C57BL/6) by a mixture of 4% isoflurane ....

Results

With the procedure detailed above, we evaluated the dependence of the OKR on several visual features. The example traces shown here were derived using the analysis codes provided in Supplementary Coding File 1, and the example traces raw file can be found in Supplementary Coding File 2. When the drum grating drifted in a sinusoidal trajectory (0.4 Hz), the animal's eye automatically followed the movement of the grating in a similar oscillatory manner (Figure 3B

Discussion

The method of the OKR behavioral assay presented here provides several advantages. First, computer-generated visual stimulation solves the intrinsic issues of physical drums. Dealing with the issue that physical drums do not support the systematic examination of spatial frequency, direction, or contrast tuning⁸, the virtual drum allows these visual parameters to be changed on a trial-by-trial basis, thus facilitating a systematic and quantitative analysis of the feature selectivity of the OKR beha.......

Materials

List of materials used in this article

Name	Company	Catalog Number	Comments
2D translational stage	Thorlabs	XYT1
Acrylic resin	Lang Dental	B1356	For fixing headplate on skull and protecting skull
Bupivacaine	STERIMAX	ST-BX223	Bupivacaine Injection BP 0.5%. Local anesthesia
Carprofen	RIMADYL	8507-14-1	Analgesia
Compressed air	Dust-Off
Eye ointment	Alcon	Systane	For maintaining moisture of eyes
Graphic card	NVIDIA	Geforce GTX 1650 or Quadro P620.	For generating single screen among three monitors
Heating pad	Kent Scientific	HTP-1500	For maintaining body temperature
High-speed infrared (IR) camera	Teledyne Dalsa	G3-GM12-M0640	For recording eye rotation
IR LED	Digikey	PDI-E803-ND	For CR reference and the illumination of the eye
IR mirror	Edmund optics	64-471	For reflecting image of eye
Isoflurane	FRESENIUS KABI	CP0406V2
Labview	National instruments	version 2014	eye tracking
Lactated ringer	BAXTER	JB2324	Water and energy supply
Lidocaine and epinephrine mix	Dentsply Sirona	82215-1	XYLOCAINE. Local anesthesia
Luminance Meter	Konica Minolta	LS-150	for calibration of monitors
Matlab	MathWorks	version xxx	analysis of eye movements
Meyhoefer Curette	World Precision Instruments	501773	For scraping skull and removing fascia
Microscope calibration slide	Amscope	MR095	to measure the magnification of video-oculography
Monitors	Acer	B247W	Visual stimulation
Neutral density filter	Lee filters	299	to generate scotopic visual stimulation
Nigh vision goggle	Alpha optics	AO-3277	for scotopic OKR
Photodiode	Digikey	TSL254-R-LF-ND	to synchronize visual stimulation and video-oculography
Pilocarpine hydrochloride	Sigma-Aldrich	P6503
Post	Thorlabs	TR1.5
Post holder	Thorlabs	PH1
PsychoPy	open source software	version xxx	visual stimulation toolkit
Scissor	RWD	S12003-09	For skin removal
Superglue	Krazy Glue		Type: All purpose. For adhering headplate on the skull