Mitochondria play a fundamental role in cellular homeostasis by integrating energy production, metabolic signaling, redox balance, and cell fate decisions. Changes in mitochondrial morphology and function are increasingly recognized as active drivers—rather than passive consequences—of physiological adaptation and disease progression. Dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics, impaired bioenergetics, and defective quality control mechanisms have been linked to a wide spectrum of conditions, including neurodegenerative disorders, cardiovascular disease, cancer, metabolic dysfunction, immune dysregulation, and aging. Understanding how mitochondrial form and function intersect with cellular and tissue-level outcomes remains a central challenge in modern biomedical research.

Despite rapid advances, the field faces persistent conceptual and translational challenges. Mitochondrial behavior is highly context-specific, varying across cell types, developmental stages, and disease states, making cross-study comparisons difficult. Establishing causal relationships between morphological changes and functional impairment remains complex, and the relevance of findings from experimental models to human pathology is not always clear. Additionally, integrating structural, functional, and systemic readouts into cohesive biological interpretations continues to be an ongoing challenge.

This Collection aims to present an integrated view of mitochondrial biology in health and disease by bringing together research articles, reviews, and methodological contributions that address mitochondrial structure or function within broader biological and pathological contexts.

By consolidating diverse article contributions across basic, translational, and disease-focused research, this Collection will provide the scientific community with a unified resource to advance understanding of mitochondrial contributions to health and disease and to stimulate interdisciplinary collaboration and innovation.