During acquisition, an atomic force microscopy probe moves toward the sample and then withdraws. The laser records cantilever deflection throughout both directions, creating a force–distance curve rather than a single measurement. Changes during approach reflect contact and deformation, while the withdrawal portion captures adhesion and the point at which the probe separates from the surface.
These features describe different stages of the probe–sample interaction. Contact begins when the probe engages the sample, and subsequent displacement reflects deformation under loading. Adhesion appears during withdrawal when the sample and probe remain coupled, while separation marks release. Together, these regions allow mechanical behavior to be interpreted across the loading cycle.
Mathematical models are applied to the measured force–distance relationship to connect probe response with sample deformation. Depending on the curve features and the selected model, analysis can estimate stiffness, elasticity, or adhesion forces. These calculated properties provide quantitative comparisons among samples instead of relying only on qualitative observations of surface interaction.
A typical acquisition positions the probe over the sample, drives the probe toward the surface under controlled mechanical motion, records cantilever deflection with a laser, and then retracts the probe while continuing measurement. The resulting approach and withdrawal data are assembled into a force–distance curve for subsequent analysis of contact, deformation, adhesion, and separation.
Researchers can compare estimated stiffness, elasticity, and adhesion forces between different samples or regions. Such comparisons show how materials respond to the same type of controlled mechanical loading and can distinguish differences in mechanical behavior. In bioengineering, these measurements support comparisons involving cells, tissues, biomaterials, and engineered surfaces.
The technique links microscale and nanoscale mechanical behavior with biological structure and function. Measurements can be used to compare cells and tissues, examine biomaterials, and evaluate engineered surfaces. These mechanical comparisons may also help investigate differences associated with disease state or assess how a material's behavior relates to device performance.