Balbiani Rings
Balbiani Rings - Related Videos
08:00
Directed Cellular Self-Assembly to Fabricate Cell-Derived Tissue Rings for Biomechanical Analysis and Tissue Engineering
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Cited by 39 •
2011
This article outlines a versatile method to create cell-derived tissue rings by cellular self-assembly. Smooth muscle cells seeded into ring-shaped agarose wells aggregate and contract to form robust three-dimensional (3D) tissues within 7 days. Millimeter-scale tissue rings are conducive to mechanical testing and serve as building blocks for tissue assembly.
09:20
The Assembly and Application of 'Shear Rings': A Novel Endothelial Model for Orbital, Unidirectional and Periodic Fluid Flow and Shear Stress
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Cited by 10 •
2016
Different levels and patterns of fluid shear are known to modulate endothelial gene expression, phenotype and susceptibility to disease. We discuss the assembly and use of 'shear rings': a model that produces unidirectional, periodic shear stress patterns. Shear rings are simple to assemble, economical and can produce high cell yields.
02:04
Polytene Chromosomes
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2020
Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
08:30
X-ray Dose Reduction through Adaptive Exposure in Fluoroscopic Imaging
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Cited by 2 •
2011
We are developing a dynamic adaptive exposure technique using our scanning beam digital X-ray system. Rather than exposing an object uniformly, the exposure is adapted depending on the opacity of the object. Here we show an experiment on an anthropomorphic phantom that resulted in a dose saving of 30%.
09:38
Scaling of Engineered Vascular Grafts Using 3D Printed Guides and the Ring Stacking Method
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Cited by 6 •
2017
Scalable engineered blood vessels would improve clinical applicability. Using easily sizable 3D-printed guides, rings of vascular smooth muscle were created and stacked into a tubular form, forming a vascular graft. Grafts can be sized to meet the range of human coronary artery dimensions by simply changing the 3D-printed guide size.
FAQs
Formation begins when specific chromosomal regions decondense, changing the local chromatin organization so RNA polymerase II can access the DNA. This opening supports transcription of exceptionally large genes within the puffed region. The visible expansion therefore reflects an active relationship between chromosome architecture and gene expression, rather than a purely structural change.
RNA polymerase II transcribes the large genes located in the decondensed chromosomal regions. Its activity produces newly synthesized RNA while transcription proceeds along the transcription units. Because the structures are associated with exceptionally active transcription, they provide a large-scale system for examining how polymerase activity relates to chromosomal organization and the production of gene transcripts.
As RNA is synthesized, it associates with proteins to form ribonucleoprotein particles. These particles move along the transcription units and are ultimately released into the nucleoplasm, the nuclear material outside the chromosome. This sequence connects transcription with RNA packaging and movement, allowing researchers to examine how a transcript becomes part of a transportable RNA-protein complex.
Its large, visible organization can be examined as a direct structural indicator of unusually active transcription. The relationship between decondensed chromatin, transcription units, emerging ribonucleoprotein particles, and release into the nucleoplasm helps link several stages of gene expression. Consequently, these structures offer a way to study transcription together with chromatin organization and RNA handling.
They make RNA transport easier to investigate because newly synthesized RNA becomes associated with proteins and the resulting ribonucleoprotein particles can be followed as they move along transcription units before release into the nucleoplasm. This model connects the site of transcription with subsequent RNA movement, helping clarify how gene products leave active chromosomal regions.
Their importance comes from linking chromosome architecture with gene expression in a visually accessible system. Research on these structures has informed the study of chromatin organization, transcription, RNA processing, and messenger RNA transport. Although they occur in certain insects, the biological questions they support are central to molecular and cell biology, making them valuable research models.