Immune Homeostasis
Immune Homeostasis - Related Videos
01:16
What is Homeostasis?
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2023
Maintaining homeostasis requires that the body continuously maintain its internal conditions. Each physiological condition has a particular set point, from body temperature to blood pressure to levels of certain nutrients. A set point is the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates. A normal range is a restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable. For example, the set point for normal human body temperature is approximately 37°C (98.6°F). Physiological...
01:31
pH Homeostasis
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2023
Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation. Respiratory Regulation of...
08:41
Monitoring Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Homeostasis Using a Gaussia Luciferase SERCaMP
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Cited by 8 •
2015
Endoplasmic reticulum calcium homeostasis is disrupted in diverse pathologies. A secreted ER calcium monitoring protein (SERCaMP) reporter can be used to detect disruptions in the ER calcium store. This protocol describes the use of a Gaussia luciferase SERCaMP to examine ER calcium homeostasis in vitro and in vivo.
01:21
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis
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2023
Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
11:08
Revealing Electromechanical Control of Tissue Homeostasis Using a Two-Layer Microfluidic Device
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2025
Here, we present a protocol to fabricate a unique two-layer microfluidic device to study the electromechanical regulation of epithelial tissue homeostasis. The device applies static physiological electric currents perpendicular to the tissue plane, impacting cell-cell adhesion, proliferation, and extrusion. Live-cell imaging and mechanical stress measurements reveal mechanisms of these processes.
FAQs
Regulatory T cells and inhibitory cytokines provide counter signals to immune cell activation. These signals help prevent responses from expanding beyond what is needed and support the return of immune activity toward a controlled state. Their coordinated action is important for limiting damage to healthy tissues while preserving the capacity to respond to pathogens.
Programmed cell death helps remove immune cells after their activity is no longer needed. By limiting the persistence of activated cells, this process contributes to control over the strength and duration of immune responses. Studying it helps explain how biological systems reduce prolonged inflammation and maintain tolerance toward healthy tissues.
Immune cell activation supports defense, whereas immune tolerance restricts harmful reactions against healthy tissues. Homeostatic regulation depends on coordinating these opposing requirements rather than maximizing either one. When activation is insufficient, responses to infection may be ineffective; when tolerance is inadequate, immune activity can contribute to autoimmune disease or chronic inflammation.
Disruption can produce several contrasting outcomes because immune regulation affects both response strength and persistence. Excessive or poorly resolved activity may contribute to autoimmune disease and chronic inflammation, while inadequate activity can cause immunodeficiency or ineffective responses to infection and cancer. These outcomes make regulatory failure a central issue in disease mechanisms.
Biological studies can examine how immune cell activation, regulatory T cells, inhibitory cytokines, immune tolerance, and programmed cell death work together. Researchers can then relate these processes to whether inflammation resolves, immune memory develops, or disease-associated imbalance appears. This framework connects cellular regulation with broader patterns of health and disease.
It provides a way to connect the beginning, control, and aftermath of an immune response. Examining how activation is restrained and how inflammation resolves can clarify why protective responses do not always cause lasting tissue damage. The same regulatory context also helps explain how immune memory develops after an earlier response.
Because immune homeostasis depends on identifiable regulatory signals and cellular processes, it offers a framework for investigating targeted therapies. Studies can focus on correcting excessive activation, restoring tolerance, or improving inadequate immune responses without treating all immune activity as equivalent. This approach is relevant to autoimmune disease, chronic inflammation, infection, and cancer.