Viral Episome Localization
Viral Episome Localization - Related Videos
05:19
An Immunofluorescence Technique for Viral Protein Localization in Infected Cells
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2025
This video demonstrates a method for monitoring infected cell protein 0, ICP0 trafficking in herpes simplex virus-1 infection. Post-de novo synthesis, ICP0 translocates to the nucleus, later moving to the cytoplasm during infection progression. Immunofluorescence microscopy reveals and analyzes the protein's subcellular localization, offering insights into its trafficking across infection phases.
10:52
Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Frozen Buffy Coats using Non-integrating Episomal Plasmids
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Cited by 26 •
2015
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent a source of patient-specific tissues for clinical applications and basic research. Here, we present a detailed protocol to reprogram human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) obtained from frozen buffy coats into viral-free iPSCs using non-integrating episomal plasmids.
09:45
Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors
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Cited by 17 •
2017
This protocol describes a detailed method for efficient generation of integration-free iPSCs from human adult peripheral blood cells. With the use of four oriP/EBNA-based episomal vectors to express the reprogramming factors, KLF4, MYC, BCL-XL, or OCT4 and SOX2, thousands of iPSC colonies can be obtained from 1 mL of peripheral blood.
09:56
Epigenetic Engineering of K562 Cells: Dual-Vector Episomal Strategy for Stable Targeted DNA Methylation using dCas9-DNMT3A and -HDAC1 Fusion Proteins
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2025
This protocol describes a non-integrative, episomal CRISPR/dCas9-based system for targeted epigenetic editing in K562 cells, combining dCas9-DNMT3A and dCas9-HDAC1 effectors with specific sgRNAs to induce locus-specific DNA methylation with precision and reduced off-target effects.
00:57
Viral Recombination
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2019
Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment. Viral Recombination Can Create New Diseases Some diseases can infect multiple species. For example, pigs can be infected by some human and...
FAQs
Spatial patterning can distinguish viral genomes that remain as discrete nuclear bodies from those associated with particular cellular compartments or host chromatin. These arrangements provide clues about how episomes interact with the infected cell and whether their organization changes over time. Consequently, localization data add a spatial dimension to studies of viral persistence, gene expression, and replication.
Nuclear structures and host chromatin provide reference points for interpreting viral signals. Comparing episome positions with these features can show whether viral DNA occupies defined nuclear regions or associates with the host genome’s organization. This relationship is important because it connects the physical placement of episomes with questions about maintenance, cellular regulation, and viral behavior during infection.
Tracking localization across infection or cell division can reveal whether episomes retain a stable arrangement or redistribute within the nucleus. Such changes may identify spatial states associated with persistence or altered viral activity. When combined with information about gene expression and replication, these measurements help investigators evaluate how viral genomes remain maintained and how their organization relates to reactivation.
Researchers can mark episomes with fluorescently labeled nucleic-acid probes or with viral markers, then examine the resulting signals by microscopy. The procedure links a detectable viral signal to its position inside the infected cell. Careful comparison with nuclear structures and host chromatin allows investigators to interpret localization rather than treating fluorescence as an isolated measurement.
Microscopy provides positional information that can be compared across viral signals, nuclear structures, and host chromatin. Signals appearing as separate nuclear bodies support one spatial interpretation, whereas overlap or close association with cellular reference features supports another. This comparison helps classify episome organization and supplies evidence for how viral DNA is situated within the host nucleus.
The approach is especially useful when researchers need to connect viral genome position with persistence, latency, episome maintenance, or reactivation. It can also support analyses of viral gene expression and replication by showing how localization changes during infection and cell division. These applications make spatial measurements a complement to studies focused only on viral activity or genome presence.