Water Substrates
Water Substrates - Related Videos
11:13
Identification of Kinase-substrate Pairs Using High Throughput Screening
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Cited by 1 •
2015
Protein phosphorylation is a central feature of how cells interpret and respond to information in their extracellular milieu. Here, we present a high throughput screening protocol using kinases purified from mammalian cells to rapidly identify kinases that phosphorylate a substrate(s) of interest.
08:17
Water Quality Analysis via Indicator Organisms
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2023
Source: Laboratories of Dr. Ian Pepper and Dr. Charles Gerba -The University of Arizona Demonstrating Author: Luisa Ikner Water quality analysis monitors anthropogenic influences such as pollutants, nutrients, pathogens, and any other constituent that can impact the water’s integrity as a resource. Fecal contamination contributes microbial pathogens that threaten plant, animal, and human health with disease or illness. Increasing water demands and strict quality standards require that water...
01:23
States of Water
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2019
Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart. Water freezes when the intermolecular forces are greater than the kinetic energy. Unlike most other substances, water is less dense in its solid state than in its liquid state. This is because each water molecule can form...
04:25
Substrate Oxidation Assay in Cultured Cells: An In Vitro Assay to Quantify Substrate Oxidation in Cells by Measuring Radioactive Signals from Trapped CO2
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2025
This video demonstrates a quantification technique for CO2 released during substrate oxidation using 14C-radiolabeled substrates. The released 14CO2 is trapped in an alkaline solution and quantified by a scintillation counter. The oxidation of different substrates varies between tissues and reflects the pathophysiological condition of the tissue.
11:53
Substrate Generation for Endonucleases of CRISPR/Cas Systems
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Cited by 4 •
2012
CRISPR/Cas systems mediate adaptive immunity in Bacteria and Archaea. Many Cas proteins are proposed to act as endoribonucleases acting on crRNA precursors of varying length. Here we illustrate three different approaches to generate pre-crRNA substrates for the biochemical analysis of Cas endonuclease activity.
FAQs
Particle size changes the spaces between substrate materials, which affects how water moves through or across an aquatic habitat. These physical differences also influence oxygen exchange and nutrient retention, linking substrate structure to chemical conditions experienced by organisms. Consequently, comparing substrate particle sizes can help explain why biological communities differ among habitats.
Surface texture and arrangement create attachment and shelter opportunities that differ across aquatic settings. Stable surfaces can support organisms that attach, while other substrate configurations provide spaces for burrowing. These physical options influence where organisms live and how communities are structured, making substrate form relevant to habitat assessment.
Stability affects whether materials remain in place or are rearranged by water movement. That persistence can determine whether attached organisms retain a surface, whether burrowing spaces remain available, and whether shelter persists. Examining stability therefore helps connect physical habitat conditions with biological presence and community patterns.
A biological assessment can compare particle size, surface texture, stability, and arrangement across sites. Linking those observations with aquatic communities helps researchers characterize habitat quality and evaluate how environmental conditions shape ecosystem function. The same analysis can also clarify how substrate properties influence microbial, plant, and animal attachment, burrowing, or shelter.
Aquatic restoration and aquaculture can use water substrate analysis to evaluate the physical foundation available to organisms in managed or recovering habitats. Examining substrate properties helps relate habitat conditions to organism attachment, burrowing, and shelter. This information can support comparisons among settings and guide understanding of how ecosystem function responds to environmental conditions.
Laboratory studies can use substrate materials to examine colonization, decomposition, and organism–environment interactions under controlled research conditions. Observing these processes helps investigators connect physical substrate characteristics with biological activity. Such experiments provide a focused way to study how organisms occupy materials and how substrate-associated processes contribute to aquatic ecosystem function.